Modules

• Year 1
  • Introduction to Year 1 and Year Outcomes
  • Fundamentals of Medicine
  • Cardiorespiratory 1
  • Metabolism 1
  • Locomotor 1
  • Brain and Behaviour 1
  • Human Development 1
  • Medicine in Society 1
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 2
  • Introduction to Year 2 and Year Outcomes
  • Cardiorespiratory 2
  • Metabolism 2
  • Brain and Behaviour 2
  • Human Development 2
  • Human Sciences and Public Health 2
  • Locomotor 2
  • Cancer Week
  • Moving and Handling Training
  • Year 2 Lifesaver Programme
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society 2
  • Extended Patient Contact
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 3
  • Introduction to Year 3 and Year Outcomes
  • Clinical Science and Professionalism (Weeks 1-3)
  • Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematology (CR3)
  • Gastroenterology and Cancer (MET3A)
  • Public Health
  • Endocrinology and Renal Medicine (MET3B)
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
  • Clinical and Communication Skills
• Year 4
  • Introduction and Year 4 Outcomes
  • Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Child Health
  • HIV & Sexual Health
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Health Care of the Elderly
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Psychiatry
  • Ear, Nose and Throat
  • Global Health and Ethics
  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical & Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 5
  • Introduction to Year 5 and Year Outcomes
  • Teaching Week 1
  • Teaching Week 2
  • Anaesthesia & ITU (AN & ITU)
  • Breaking Bad News
  • Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Community Care
  • Doctors as Teachers and Educators (DATE)
  • Emergency Medicine (EMERG MED)
  • General (Internal) Medicine (G(I)M)
  • Immediate Life Support (ILS)
  • Student Assistantship
  • Simulation
  • Surgery
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year GEP 1
  • Cancer Week
  • Movement and Posture
  • Carriage of Oxygen
  • Human Sciences and Public Health
  • Digestion, Growth and Metabolism
  • Infection and Immunity
  • Ethics
  • Brain and Behaviour
  • Human Development
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society (GEP)

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Year GEP 1 GEP/HD: Human Development

• Dr Anne Hills
• a.hills@qmul.ac.uk

Introduction

During this module you will be introduced to most aspects of normal and variations from normal human development from conception and fertilisation through to old age from a scientific, developmental and psychological viewpoint.

The course aims to ensure familiarity with the following aspects of human development: 

1.       The basic structure and anatomy of the pelvic region.

2.       The events of embryonic development.

3.       The changes that occur at puberty.

4.       The factors that allow for fertilisation, implantation and normal pregnancy.

5.       The process of birth and the physiological changes that occur in the baby.

6.       The factors that can cause problems with conception, fetal wellbeing,   

          pregnancy and labour, and their mechanisms of action.

7.       Normal growth and development before and after birth and mechanisms

         for preventing disease.

8.       Breast and bottle feeding.

9.       The function of the various agencies that work with children, both

          statutory and voluntary.

10.     The normal social, cognitive, language and emotional development of childhood and adolescence.

11.     The deviations from normal cognitive, language and emotional development of childhood and adolescence, and to identify children with developmental delay.

12.     Contraception and the control of fertility.

13.     The physiological and psychological changes that occur as a result of ageing.

14.     The medical, legal and ethical aspects of caring for children, and the range of services on offer.

15.     The major causes of mortality and morbidity at different ages in childhood.

16.     Health issues throughout the life course.

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Index

• General Outcomes for the Whole Person
• General Outcomes for Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• General Outcomes for Child Health
• General Outcomes for Sexual Health & HIV
• Herniae
• Fertility and Infertility
• Fetal development
• Pregnancy
• Labour and Delivery
• Puerperium and Lactation
• The Menopause (inc. HRT)
• Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
• Therapeutics in O&G
• Sexually Transmitted Infections and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Neonatal Disorders - General
• Cardio-Vascular Disorders in Childhood
• Respiratory Disorders
• Psychiatric / Psychological Problems in Childhood
• Congenital and Genetic Abnormalities

• General Outcomes for the Whole Person
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • General Outcomes for Embryology
      1. Understand the difference between embryonic and fetal periods of development and the clinical significance to organ development and growth
      2. Highlights of week 4, to include the closure of the neural tube, folding of the embryo, the pharyngeal arches and the beginnings of the limbs.
    • Pelvic Viscera and Perineum
      1. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis.
      2. Understand the structure of the pelvic viscera in the male
    • Female Pelvis and Reproductive System
      1. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis.
      2. Outline the development of the reproductive system
      3. Understand the structure of female reproductive organs
    • Male Pelvis and Reproductive System
      1. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis.
      2. Outline the development of the reproductive system
      3. Describe the descent of the testes and the development of the inguinal canal
    • Renal System and Urinary Tract
      1. Understand the descent of the ureters through the pelvis and the position of the bladder and urethra in the male and female
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Physiology of Growth and Puberty
      1. Describe the regulation of normal growth
      2. Understand the normal physiological and anatomical changes at puberty
      3. Identify the stages of puberty in boys and girls
      4. Understand the relationships between growth and the onset of puberty
      5. Understand the techniques of measuring children of all ages and be able to plot and interpret measurements on a growth chart
      6. Understand the biological features influencing normal growth patterns
    • Adaptation of Fetus to Neonate - General
      1. Understand the circulatory changes at birth and the neonatal transitional circulation
      2. Highlights of week 4, to include the closure of the neural tube, folding of the embryo, the pharyngeal arches and the beginnings of the limbs.
      3. Understand the changes in pulmonary physiology at birth
      4. Describe the basic metabolic adaptations which take place in the neonate
  • Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION (TD 8.8)
    • Immunology - General Outcomes
      1. Indicate the development of the immune system, including the function of lymphocytes.
      2. Explain the immunological processes enabling protection against disease to take place.
  • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
    • Older People, Illness and Society
      1. Summarise the changing demographics of ageing
  • Medical knowledge: PUBLIC HEALTH and GLOBAL HEALTH (TD 11 a-j)
    • Vaccination and Immunisation
      1. Recognise the normal immunisation programme.
      2. Relate experience in the UK to worldwide programmes of protection.
• General Outcomes for Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Circulation of the Pelvis
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
      2. Explain the anatomical relations of the uterus and the ovaries.
    • Bones, Muscles and Ligaments of the Pelvis
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
      2. Explain the anatomical relations of the uterus and the ovaries.
    • Female Pelvis and Reproductive System
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
      2. Describe the blood supply to the uterus.
      3. Relate the nerve supply of the female pelvis and perineum to methods of anaesthesia.
    • Pelvic Viscera and Perineum
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
    • Surface Anatomy of the Pelvis
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
  • Clinical skills: SURGERY and ANAESTHETICS (TD 14 g)
    • General Surgical Outcomes
      1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
    • Anaesthesia: Local Anaesthetics
      1. Relate the nerve supply of the female pelvis and perineum to methods of anaesthesia.
  • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
    • Pain Relief
      1. Relate the nerve supply of the female pelvis and perineum to methods of anaesthesia.
• General Outcomes for Child Health
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Adaptation of Fetus to Neonate - General
      1. Understand the processes whereby a fetus makes the transition from being dependent on the placenta to being able to live independently
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
      1. List the common causes of death in infancy and childhood
      2. Discuss the difference between unexpected death in infancy and sudden infant death (SIDS)
      3. Explain the reasons for doing a post mortem in cases of unexpected death in infancy
  • Medical knowledge: CLINICAL FEATURES of DISEASE (TD 8 b)
    • General Outcomes for Childhood Diseases
      1. Describe how children with a disability may present
  • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
    • Chronic Illness and Disability
      1. Discuss the implications for the family of having a child with a disability
  • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Mortality and Morbidity
      1. Define perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality.
      2. Discuss the main causes of mortality in the perinatal, neonatal and infancy periods.
    • Infant and Childhood Death (inc. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
      1. Discuss the epidemiology and risk factors of sudden infant death (SIDS)
  • Medical knowledge: PSYCHOLOGY (TD 9 a-g)
    • Normal Behaviour and Emotional Development
      1. Describe those characteristics of the infant, child and adolescent which can be considered as normal behaviour.
      2. Understanding of the importance of distinguishing the different stages of development.
      3. Understand psychological development during adolescence.
      4. Understand sexual behaviour during adolescence.
    • Development of Abilities in Children
      1. Understand the progress of motor and sensory development in childhood and its neurological basis.
  • Clinical skills: HISTORY (TD 13 a-b)
    • Examination of Children
      1. Describe how children with a disability are assessed
  • Clinical skills: FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN (TD 14 g)
    • Perinatal and Childhood Death
      1. Explain methods available to avoid perinatal loss
    • Management of Disorders in Children
      1. Discuss the difference between a lesion, impairment, disability and handicap
• General Outcomes for Sexual Health & HIV
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Male Reproductive Physiology
      1. Describe the lifetime changes of the prostate and its examination
      2. Discuss erectile dysfunction in relation to the relevant anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology
  • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
    • Pharmacological Therapy - Sexual Health (General)
      1. Discuss erectile dysfunction in relation to the relevant anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology
• Herniae
  • General Outcomes for Hernia
    1. Discuss the formation of inguinal hernias, the relevant anatomy and the possible surgical interventions
• Fertility and Infertility
  • General Outcomes for Fertility, Implantation and Infertililty
    1. Identify the main causes of infertility
    2. Describe what investigations can be performed to establish the causes of infertility
    3. Describe the essential ingredients for fertilisation
    4. Explain the biological principles involved in the two learning outcomes above
    5. Explain the normal processes which occur from fertilisation to implantation
• Fetal development
  • General Outcomes for fetal development
    1. Describe the main fetal abnormalities resulting from each of these infections
    2. Discuss the ethical issues raised by such infections
    3. Highlights of week 5, to include the growth of the head and heart and kidneys.
    4. Highlights of week 6, to include, progress of the development of the limbs and heart and start of spontaneous movements.
    5. Highlights of week 7, to include the importance of cell death to shape the limbs and face and the growth and development of the gut.
    6. Highlights of week 8, to include bone formation and more of the development of the gut.
• Pregnancy
  • General Outcomes for Pregnancy
    1. Describe the physiological changes in pregnancy, with particular reference to maternal cardiovascular, respiratory, haematological and endocrine systems.
    2. Describe implantation and development of the placenta and establishment of feto-maternal circulation.
    3. Explain the function of the placenta in supporting fetal development
    4. Understand maternal recognition of pregnancy
  • Medical Disorders of Pregnancy
    1. List the viruses and other organisms that can harm a pregnancy
    2. Discuss the pathogenesis and presentation of diabetes, anaemia and non-viral infections in pregnancy
    3. Describe the effect of these complications on the mother and the fetus
    4. Discuss the management of these complications
    5. Describe the effect of these complications on the mother and the fetus
• Labour and Delivery
  • General Outcomes for Labour and Delivery
    1. Describe the signs of labour.
    2. List the main problems associated with placentation, placentation sites and placental development: a) miscarriage b) ectopic c) trophoblastic disease d) hypertension/PET e) placental praevia/abruption
    3. Define the stages of labour
    4. Explain the physiological processes involved in parturition.
    5. Explain the physiological changes prior to parturition.
    6. Describe the stages of normal labour resulting in the delivery of the fetus and placenta.
    7. Explain the effect on perinatal mortality and morbidity
  • Complications of Labour and Delivery
    1. Discuss the complications of Stage 1 - failed induction, primary and secondary arrest, fetal distress
    2. Discuss the complications of Stage 2 - failure to progress, maternal and fetal distress, operative delivery and uterine rupture
    3. Explain methods available to avoid perinatal loss
    4. Discuss the complications of Stage 3: post-partum haemorrhage, uterine inversion, amniotic fluid embolism
    5. Discuss the pharmacology relevant to the complications of labour
  • Stillbirth and Perinatal Loss
    1. Define perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality.
    2. Discuss the main causes of mortality in the perinatal, neonatal and infancy periods.
• Puerperium and Lactation
  • General Outcomes for Puerperium and Lactation
    1. Demonstrate the normal physiological and anatomical changes associated with the puerperium.
    2. Describe the establishment of breast feeding, and its physiological and anatomical advantages to the mother and infant.
    3. Describe the physiological changes in preparation for lactation
    4. Understand factors preventing the establishment of breast-feeding
  • Maternal Post-partum Disorders
    1. Explain the main risks and problems associated with the puerperium
    2. Describe the definition, aetiology, investigation and management of post-partum haemorrhage
• The Menopause (inc. HRT)
  • General Outcomes for the Menopause and HRT
    1. Describe the normal physiological and anatomical changes at the menopause.
    2. Describe what investigations can be performed to diagnose the menopause.
    3. Outline the options available to treat the symptoms of the menopause.
• Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
  • General Outcomes for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
    1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor.
    2. Outline the anatomy of the perineum.
• Therapeutics in O&G
  • General outcomes for therapeutics in obstetrics
    1. Describe protective measures taken to prevent them and the treatment options available
    2. Discuss the pharmacology relevant to the complications of labour
• Sexually Transmitted Infections and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • General Outcomes for Pelvic Pain and Infection
    1. Discuss the main features of sexually transmitted infections including aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment of: HIV; genital warts; chlamydia; gonorrhoea; herpes; syphilis
• Neonatal Disorders - General
  • General Topics
    1. Describe the pathology and pathophysiology of: hyaline membrane disease; necrotising enterocolitis; intraventricular haemorrhage; ischaemic brain damage; hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
    2. Discuss the problem of talking to anxious parents
  • Premature Birth and Low Birthweight
    1. List the main problems associated with being born prematurely, with reference to its effect on organ development, particularly with regard to respiratory, brain and gastrointestinal problems.
    2. Discuss the potential nutritional consequences of being a low birth-weight baby, and ways to deal with them
    3. Discuss the psycho-social effects of a premature birth
• Cardio-Vascular Disorders in Childhood
  • Congenital Heart Disease
    1. Describe the basic embryology of congenital heart disease
    2. Explain the mechanisms by which the common forms of cyanotic heart disease produce cyanosis
• Respiratory Disorders
  • General Outcomes for Childhood Respiratory Disorders
    1. Describe the physiological mechanisms for wheeze in young children
  • Asthma in Childhood
    1. Discuss the environmental factors that increase the vulnerability of young children to develop wheeze
    2. Describe the pharmacological rationale for the treatment of pre-school wheeze
• Psychiatric / Psychological Problems in Childhood
  • Psychiatric / Psychological Problems in Childhood - General
    1. Understand the common disorders seen in child mental health clinics, in particular: a) autism b) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) c) anxiety and depression d) psychosis e) behavioural problems
    2. Describe the important features of different disorders of child mental health
  • Behavioural Problems in Childhood - General
    1. Understand the common disorders seen in child mental health clinics, in particular: a) autism b) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) c) anxiety and depression d) psychosis e) behavioural problems
• Congenital and Genetic Abnormalities
  • General Outcomes for Congenital and Genetic Abnormalities
    1. Describe the breadth of inherited conditions
    2. Explain how candidate genes may be selected, both on the basis of their position and function
    3. Explain how you could establish whether or not a mutation is pathogenic
    4. Discuss the implications for the families affected by a genetic disorder
    5. Take an accurate family history and present the results as an informative pedigree

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