Modules

• Year 1
  • Introduction to Year 1 and Year Outcomes
  • Fundamentals of Medicine
  • Cardiorespiratory 1
  • Metabolism 1
  • Locomotor 1
  • Brain and Behaviour 1
  • Human Development 1
  • Medicine in Society 1
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 2
  • Introduction to Year 2 and Year Outcomes
  • Cardiorespiratory 2
  • Metabolism 2
  • Brain and Behaviour 2
  • Human Development 2
  • Human Sciences and Public Health 2
  • Locomotor 2
  • Cancer Week
  • Moving and Handling Training
  • Year 2 Lifesaver Programme
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society 2
  • Extended Patient Contact
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 3
  • Introduction to Year 3 and Year Outcomes
  • Clinical Science and Professionalism (Weeks 1-3)
  • Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematology (CR3)
  • Gastroenterology and Cancer (MET3A)
  • Public Health
  • Endocrinology and Renal Medicine (MET3B)
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
  • Clinical and Communication Skills
• Year 4
  • Introduction and Year 4 Outcomes
  • Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Child Health
  • HIV & Sexual Health
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Health Care of the Elderly
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Psychiatry
  • Ear, Nose and Throat
  • Global Health and Ethics
  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical & Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 5
  • Introduction to Year 5 and Year Outcomes
  • Teaching Week 1
  • Teaching Week 2
  • Anaesthesia & ITU (AN & ITU)
  • Breaking Bad News
  • Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Community Care
  • Doctors as Teachers and Educators (DATE)
  • Emergency Medicine (EMERG MED)
  • General (Internal) Medicine (G(I)M)
  • Immediate Life Support (ILS)
  • Student Assistantship
  • Simulation
  • Surgery
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year GEP 1
  • Cancer Week
  • Movement and Posture
  • Carriage of Oxygen
  • Human Sciences and Public Health
  • Digestion, Growth and Metabolism
  • Infection and Immunity
  • Ethics
  • Brain and Behaviour
  • Human Development
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society (GEP)

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Year GEP 1 GEP/CO2: Carriage of Oxygen

• Dr Rachel Ashworth
• r.ashworth@qmul.ac.uk

Teaching Material for this Module

Introduction

This module introduces you to the anatomy and physiology of the cardiorespiratory system, how it works in normal subjects, and some of the major pathological conditions that can occur. As you probably already know, respiratory diseases (e.g. asthma, tuberculosis, lung cancer) and cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis, strokes, myocardial infarction) are major causes of disability and death in the UK.

Learning delivery is through a mix of lectures, practicals, microanatomy sessions, problem-based learning (PBLs) and self-directed learning. 

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Index

• General Outcomes for the Cardiovascular System
• General Outcomes for the Respiratory System
• General Outcomes for Renal and Urinary System
• General Outcomes for Haematology
• Asthma (Priority 1*)

• General Outcomes for the Cardiovascular System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Circulation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
      1. Know the arterial supply to the upper limb
      2. Know the venous drainage of the upper limb
    • Lymphatic System
      1. Explain how lymph is formed and returned to the bloodstream.
      2. Describe the form and function of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen.
      3. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the body and the anatomy of the major lymphatic ducts.
    • Circulation of the lower limb and foot
      1. Know the arterial supply to the lower limb
      2. Know the venous drainage of the lower limb
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Blood Pressure
      1. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and explain its role in blood pressure regulation
      2. Describe the physiological sensors and effectors for neuronal control of arterial blood pressure
      3. List common drugs which can be used to control hypertension and explain their mechanism of action
      4. Describe the position and innervation of the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors, their central connections, and the role of the brainstem in the control of blood pressure
      5. Describe the role of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nervous system in the control of blood pressure
    • Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
      1. List the structures where smooth muscle is found
      2. Describe the heterogeneity of smooth muscle and link to function
      3. Describe the excitation - contraction coupling in smooth muscle and briefly contrast with cardiac and skeletal muscle
      4. Describe how external factors may contract or relax smooth muscle
    • Haemodynamics
      1. Explain the relationships between cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood pressure
      2. Explain the concept of arterial compliance, and describe the relationship between pulse pressure, stroke volume and compliance
      3. Be able to comment on the importance of Laplace's Law relating vessel radius and pressure, and how this relates to aneurysm formation.
    • General Cardiovascular Physiology
      1. Explain the role of nitric oxide in the coronary and skeletal arterioles
      2. Explain the role of nitric oxide in exercise
      3. Note the differences between pulmonary and systemic capillaries.
    • The Conducting System of the Heart and the ECG
      1. Briefly describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
  • Medical knowledge: BIOCHEMISTRY (inc. Metabolism) (TD 8.3)
    • Biochemistry - General
      1. Describe the properties of nitric oxide and its mechanism of synthesis in vascular endothelium
• General Outcomes for the Respiratory System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Pleural Cavity and Lungs
      1. Identify the components of the respiratory mucous membrane.
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • General Outcomes for Respiratory Physiology
      1. List the functions of the respiratory system.
      2. Name the main structural features of the lungs
      3. Distinguish between respiratory and non-respiratory components of the lungs and show how histological features are related to function.
      4. Describe the branching pattern of the respiratory tree, commenting on the significance of the cross-sectional area at different levels
    • Lung Mechanics
      1. Compare and contrast the structure of conducting components of the respiratory system and relate their structural differences to differing functions.
      2. Identify the respiratory components of the lung and understand their functions.
    • The Lungs and Pulmonary Circulation
      1. Describe the theory of nitric oxide function in the pulmonary circulation
  • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • General Outcomes for Respiratory Pharmacology
      1. Outline the consequences of antigen interaction with fixed mast cell antibody and the actions of mediators released from mast cells.
  • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Respiratory Disease (inc. Tuberculosis)
      1. Outline the causes and social impact (in terms of mortality and morbidity) of a) airways disease; and b) respiratory infection
      2. Comment on the major social, environmental and occupational factors associated with pulmonary disease.
• General Outcomes for Renal and Urinary System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Renal System and Urinary Tract
      1. Outline the general organisation of the urinary system including the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra
      2. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production
      3. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Renal Function
      1. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production
      2. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron
      3. Explain how the thick-walled, ascending limb of the loop of Henle plays a key role (in conjunction with ADH) in the production of either a dilute or concentrated urine to meet the requirements of water balance.
      4. Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe its role in regulation of blood and urine volumes and renal homeostasis.
    • Homeostasis
      1. Explain how the thick-walled, ascending limb of the loop of Henle plays a key role (in conjunction with ADH) in the production of either a dilute or concentrated urine to meet the requirements of water balance.
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • General Pathology
      1. Know the methods available for the assessment of acid-base balance in patients.
• General Outcomes for Haematology
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Structure and Function of Blood
      1. List the cellular components of blood cells and outline their roles in the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, immunity / allergy and haemostasis
      2. List the major chemical components of plasma, and comment on the role of these in clotting, immunity, colloid pressure and buffering
      3. Outline the production of blood cells from pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells and the regulation of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis
      4. Outline the response to anaemia
      5. Define the parameters of a full blood count and give an outline classification of anaemia
    • Haemostasis and Thrombosis
      1. Describe the nature and function of platelets; explain what is meant by thrombocytopenia
      2. Describe the normal coagulation pathway and how it is activated by: tissue damage, contact of blood with tissue collagen or glass.
      3. Describe the roles of Vitamin K, platelets, calcium, serine proteases and modifier proteins in the clotting process
  • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • Anticoagulation
      1. Explain the mechanism of action of Heparin, Warfarin, Aspirin and Stroptokinase; indicate under what circumstances it is appropriate to administer them
• Asthma (Priority 1*)
  • General Outcomes for Asthma
    1. Explain, in terms of modes of action, how various agents can be used in the management of asthma, indicating possible side effects.

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