Modules

• Year 1
  • Introduction to Year 1 and Year Outcomes
  • Fundamentals of Medicine
  • Cardiorespiratory 1
  • Metabolism 1
  • Locomotor 1
  • Brain and Behaviour 1
  • Human Development 1
  • Medicine in Society 1
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 2
  • Introduction to Year 2 and Year Outcomes
  • Cardiorespiratory 2
  • Metabolism 2
  • Brain and Behaviour 2
  • Human Development 2
  • Human Sciences and Public Health 2
  • Locomotor 2
  • Cancer Week
  • Moving and Handling Training
  • Year 2 Lifesaver Programme
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society 2
  • Extended Patient Contact
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 3
  • Introduction to Year 3 and Year Outcomes
  • Clinical Science and Professionalism (Weeks 1-3)
  • Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematology (CR3)
  • Gastroenterology and Cancer (MET3A)
  • Public Health
  • Endocrinology and Renal Medicine (MET3B)
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
  • Clinical and Communication Skills
• Year 4
  • Introduction and Year 4 Outcomes
  • Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Child Health
  • HIV & Sexual Health
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Health Care of the Elderly
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Psychiatry
  • Ear, Nose and Throat
  • Global Health and Ethics
  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical & Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 5
  • Introduction to Year 5 and Year Outcomes
  • Teaching Week 1
  • Teaching Week 2
  • Anaesthesia & ITU (AN & ITU)
  • Breaking Bad News
  • Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Community Care
  • Doctors as Teachers and Educators (DATE)
  • Emergency Medicine (EMERG MED)
  • General (Internal) Medicine (G(I)M)
  • Immediate Life Support (ILS)
  • Student Assistantship
  • Simulation
  • Surgery
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year GEP 1
  • Cancer Week
  • Movement and Posture
  • Carriage of Oxygen
  • Human Sciences and Public Health
  • Digestion, Growth and Metabolism
  • Infection and Immunity
  • Ethics
  • Brain and Behaviour
  • Human Development
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society (GEP)

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Year 1 FM1: Fundamentals of Medicine

• Dr Lesley Robson
• l.g.robson@qmul.ac.uk

Teaching Material for this Module

Introduction

The aims of the FunMed Module are:

1. To develop independent learning and critical reasoning skills necessary for a University course
2. To acquire basic Information Technology (IT) skills in accessing information and in word processing
3. To develop time management skills in planning and scheduling work
4. To work and communicate effectively in small groups
5. To appreciate the development of modern medicine and its historical context
6. To appreciate the historical, social and demographic characteristics of the East End of London, and the implications of these for the health of the local population
7. To develop an understanding of normal biological structure and function, at the cellular and molecular level; and knowledge of cellular pathology and basic pharmacology sufficient to provide a foundation for subsequent stages
8. To obtain a basic knowledge of anatomical terms and of the location of the main organs and structures, including the use of medical imaging
9. To begin to understand the contribution of genetic, social, environmental, political, occupational and behavioural factors to health, illness and disease
10. To begin to appreciate the effect of illness on people and their families
11. To begin to understand the role of the doctor and other health professionals in society
12. To prepare students for meeting patients in clinical settings, by addressing communication skills and ethical principles in the health professional - patient relationship
13. To develop basic skills of resuscitation and emergency care
14. To provide a broad overview of the entire MBBS course

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Index

• General Outcomes for the Whole Person
• General Outcomes for Community Care

• General Outcomes for the Whole Person
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Epithelia and Glands
      1. Recognise the various epithelial cell types in photomicrographs and predict their function from their structure
      2. For each of the various types of epithelial tissue, outline its structural characteristics, functional capabilities, cellular specialisations and be able to give an example of a body site where it would be located.
      3. Understand and master the use of the system for classifying different types of lining epithelia based on number of layers and shape of cells on the surface
      4. Recognise glandular tissue in photomicrographs, identify the gland type and its likely function
      5. Name the various types of glands, relate their structure to their function, and give an example of where each might be found in the body.
      6. Recognise the mucous and serous membranes in photomicrographs and be able to identify different structural components found in each of these complex tissues
      7. Recognise, name and understand the function of different components of the basement membrane.
      8. Describe the basic structure of a mucosa and a serosa, and predict their functions from the different types of epithelial cell found on their surface.
    • Blood and the Circulatory System
      1. Identify the structural difference between arteries and veins related to function. Name and locate the major arteries and veins in the systemic circulation.
      2. Describe the position of the heart and identify the great vessels
      3. Follow the main vessels to the viscera and to the periphery, identifying the main vessels
      4. Differentiate between systemic, portal and pulmonary circulation
      5. Describe the general location of lymph nodes.
    • Anatomical Positions, Planes and Movements
      1. Describe the anatomical position and use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions and body planes or sections.
      2. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and list the major organs contained within them. Name the serous membranes and indicate their common function
      3. Identify the main components of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine and reproductive systems of the body.
      4. Can describe the relevant, deep fascia, compartments
      5. Locate the major organs in cross section and on MRI and CT
      6. Can describe the relevant muscle groups and movements
    • Muscles, Nerves and Connective Tissue
      1. Compare and contrast the structure, function and location of the three major types of muscle.
      2. Recognise the different types of connective tissue in photomicrographs
      3. Describe the major responses of muscle to use and disuse.
      4. Identify common cell types found in connective tissues
      5. Recognise nervous tissue and be able to distinguish neural and glial components
      6. Show understanding of how different cell types within nervous tissue and the organisation of the tissue contribute to its functions
      7. Relate the functional organisation of the neuromuscular synapse (junction) to the process of neuromuscular transmission.
      8. Understand differences in the make-up of the extracellular matrix between various connective tissues and how types are differently organised
      9. Outline the distinctive structural and functional characteristics of nervous tissue.
      10. Relate organisation of different types of connective tissue to their function
      11. Relate the structures of the neuronal cell body, dendrites, axon and synaptic terminal to their function.
      12. Recognise different types of muscle and different components of muscle tissue in photomicrographs
    • Histology
      1. Describe the categorisation, main structural features and functions of the connective tissues.
      2. Describe the different cell types found in mature connective tissue.
      3. Relate the composition of extracellular matrix components to the functional requirements of the various connective tissues.
      4. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the two types of adipose tissue.
    • Bones and Joints
      1. Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton and describe their relative functions
      2. Can describe the axial and appendicular skeleton
      3. Name and describe the major bones of the skull and the important foramina
      4. Can classify the different types of joints
      5. Use the correct anatomical terms to describe movements at these joints
    • Skin and Tissues
      1. For each of the various types of epithelial tissue, can outline its structural characteristics, functional capabilities, cellular specialisations and be able to give an example of a body site where it would be located.
      2. Can name the various types of glands, relate their structure to their function, and give an example of where each might be found in the body.
      3. Can describe the basic structure of a mucosa and a serosa, and predict their functions from the different types of epithelial cell found on their surface.
    • Anatomy of the Nervous System - General
      1. Explain the structural and the functional divisions of the nervous system
      2. Can explain the broad structure and function of the central nervous system
      3. Can explain the broad structure and function of the peripheral nervous system
      4. Can explain the broad structure and function of the somatic nervous system
      5. Can explain the broad structure and function of the autonomic nervous system
    • Autonomic Nervous System
      1. Compare and contrast the SNS and ANS
      2. Draw labelled diagrams to show the general arrangement of motor and somatic reflexes.
      3. Name the divisions of the ANS, and describe the segmental organisation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
      4. Draw a series of labelled diagrams to show the arrangement of nerve fibres in the divisions of the ANS at the anatomical and neurochemical and receptor levels,
      5. Describe how the adrenal medulla acts as a modified post-ganglionic cell.
      6. Briefly describe how the enteric nervous system can control gut function.
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Homeostasis
      1. Be able to apply the principles of homeostasis to one human physiological system, from: body temperature; or blood glucose concentration; or body fluid volume.
      2. Be able to define homeostasis in relation to the physiological systems
      3. Be able to discuss the contribution of negative feedback, positive feedback and positive feedforward to the process of body homeostasis.
    • Body Fluids
      1. Be able to describe the distribution of body fluids within the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids.
      2. Be able to describe how water moves between different compartments of the body.
      3. Be able to discuss the contribution of ion pumps to the regulation of cell volume.
      4. Be able to discuss fluid balance and the role of the kidney in regulating blood osmolality and volume.
      5. State general disorders of fluid balance.
    • Neuropharmacology
      1. Be able to explain how neurotransmitters can produce electrical changes by activating / inhibiting receptors in the post-synaptic cell
      2. Be able to outline the role of G-proteins in coupling a hormone/NT receptor complex to a) adenylate cyclase; b) hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids
      3. By means of simple diagrams and suitable examples, be able to describe the properties of the receptor-regulated ion channels and the neurotransmitters which activate them
      4. Describe the major neurotransmitter systems in the central and peripheral nervous systems
      5. Describe the role of protein kinases in transmitting the intracellular effects of second messengers
      6. Explain how an action potential is initiated by the summation of synaptic inputs
    • Autonomic Nervous System
      1. Compare and contrast the SNS and ANS
      2. Draw labelled diagrams to show the general arrangement of motor and somatic reflexes.
      3. Name the divisions of the ANS, and describe the segmental organisation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
      4. Draw a series of labelled diagrams to show the arrangement of nerve fibres in the divisions of the ANS at the anatomical and neurochemical and receptor levels,
      5. Describe how the adrenal medulla acts as a modified post-ganglionic cell.
      6. Briefly describe how the enteric nervous system can control gut function.
  • Medical knowledge: BIOCHEMISTRY (inc. Metabolism) (TD 8.3)
    • Acid-Base Balance
      1. Be able to define the term buffer system and explain how it resists changes in pH
      2. Be able to state the normal pH and hydrogen concentration of human blood plasma and the ranges compatible with life.
    • Amino Acids
      1. Be able to cite a common clinical example of acid base becoming unbalanced.
  • Medical knowledge: CELL BIOLOGY (TD 8.4)
    • Proteins
      1. Understand the role of the ribosome in mRNA translation; how and where, including co-translational translocation of membrane and secreted peptides at the ER
      2. Outline the common structural features of the amino-acids and the roles of their side chains in protein structure and function
      3. Describe the structure of proteins and the stabilising forces of the a-helix, b-pleated sheet and collagen triple helix
      4. Comprehend the problems of protein folding in vivo and the role of molecular chaperones in dealing with this
      5. Explain how post translational modifications can be important for stability and modulation of function
    • Sugars and Polysaccharides
      1. Distinguish between the terms monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide and name a physiologically important example of each group
      2. Define the terms: glycosidic bond; sugar esterification (phosphates + sulphates); amino sugar, giving a physiologically relevant example of each one
      3. Define the mechanism and biological importance of protein glycosylation
      4. Outline the structures and biological roles of glycogen, heparin, proteoglycan and bacterial lipo-polysaccharide
    • Cell and Tissue Structure
      1. Describe different types of cell to cell (intercellular) communication
      2. Identify the organelles and ultrastructural features of cells; describe organisation and functions of the following and, where applicable, relate to human disease
      3. Understand the functions of the principal components of the extracellular matrix and relate to cell function and disease
      4. Describe the steps and components in a simple intracellular pathway
      5. nucleus; mitochondrion; endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth); Golgi complex; lyosomes; peroxisomes; cytoskeleton; plasma membrane
      6. Discuss the structure and function of inter-cellular connections in relation to tissue function eg adherens junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, synapses and relate to disease
      7. Understand how signals may activate different responses in cells
      8. Relate the specialised structure of the cell surface (microvilli, cilia, pseudopodia) to the functions of the tissues and cells concerned
      9. How intracellular signals can act as molecular switches via phosphorylation
      10. Explain the different types of intracellular and cell surface receptors
      11. Understand the importance of cell communication in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
    • Cell Differentiation and Cell Death
      1. Define programmed cell death
      2. Explain the difference between stem cells and differentiated cells
      3. Describe the role of stem cells in cancer
      4. Explain the changes that occur with ageing at the cellular and tissue levels
    • Lipids and Membranes
      1. Distinguish between essential and non-essential fatty acids and understand their importance as energy stores and as precursors of membrane lipids and paracrines
      2. Explain the following terms in relation to enzyme catalysis: substrate specificity; active site; activation energy; cofactor and co-enzyme; proenzyme.
      3. Describe the physiological functions of cholesterol: as a component of biological membranes and as a precursor for steroid and bile salt synthesis
    • Membrane Function
      1. Be able to describe the function of membrane proteins
      2. Understand the composition and architecture of biological membranes
      3. Distinguish between passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and active transport giving examples of each in human tissues
      4. Relate specialisations of the plasma membrane to its function
      5. Describe how deficiencies in folding, trafficking and function of the CFTR protein cause cystic fibrosis
      6. To appecriate the key components that make up most of the ECM including collagen and proteoglycans,
      7. To appreciate the mechanism that allow cells to adhere and move through the extracellular matrix
      8. To describe how loss of cell ahesion can lead to diseases
    • Enzymes
      1. Define the following terms in relation to enzyme catalysis: substrate specificity; active site; activation energy; cofactor and co-enzyme; proenzyme.
      2. Explain the effects on enzyme catalysis of changes in temperature and pH. Distinguish between competitive and non-competitive inhibition, giving a physiological example of each.
      3. Define the term isoenzymes and their value in diagnostic enzymology.
    • Biological Energy
      1. Define the principal energy stores in human cells
      2. Describe the principal biological roles of ATP in relation to biosynthesis reactions, transport and motility
      3. Describe the principal mechanisms of energy generation within the cell and distinguish between ATP generation through substrate level phosphorylation and via the proton motive force
      4. Explain the significance of B-group vitamins in terms of coenzyme structure and function
  • Medical knowledge: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and GENETICS (TD 8.5, 8.6)
    • Genetic Variation
      1. Appreciate how much genetic variation we have: both rare and common variants
      2. Understand how prenatal diagnosis and PGD can be performed
      3. Discuss how DNA polymorphisms can be detected and how they may be used to identify individuals
      4. Appreciate how genetic variation may determine treatment options
      5. Think about the ethical issues with respect to personal genome sequencing
    • Inheritance and Mutation
      1. Describe the different types of gene mutation and their consequences
      2. Review the types of genetic mutation and how they affect the organism
      3. Describe, with examples, the different patterns of inheritance of single gene disorders
      4. Review the types of chromosomal mutations
      5. Review the causes of genetic mutations
      6. Define the following terms in relation to human genetics and disease: homozygous; heterozygous; proband; sibling; recessive; dominant; co-dominant; penetrance; anticipation; imprinting phenotype; genotype; allele
    • The Human Genome
      1. Describe the structure and organisation of the human genome.
      2. Understand the differences between coding and non-coding the DNA-sequences, introns and exons, control elements, pseudogenes, and repetitive sequences
    • Epigenetics
      1. Define the term epigenetics
      2. Describe the role of epigenetic marks in controlling gene expression
      3. Understand the extent to which epigenetics impacts on human disease
    • Genetics - General Outcomes
      1. Understand the basic principles of population genetics with reference to allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
      2. Explain how genetic variation contributes to common disease
    • Protein Synthesis
      1. Outline the key features of the genetic code
      2. What are the essential RNA species for translation
      3. Describe the events and regulation in the ribosome cycle of protein synthesis
      4. Describe the structural changes undergone by a newly synthesised polypeptide in order to constitute a biologically active protein in the appropriate site (post-translational modifications / targeting and sorting)
      5. How does viral and bacterial interference effect protein translation
      6. Know that antibiotics are used to target ribosomes
      7. Outline protein synthesis defects in inherited disease
    • DNA Structure and Synthesis
      1. Describe, using simple diagrams, the structure of DNA and its organisation into nucleosomes, chromatin and chromosomes
      2. Outline the mechanism of DNA replication (synthesis) and describe how some antibiotics interfere in this process
      3. Explain the very low level of mistakes in the DNA replication process
      4. Outline methods of DNA repair with examples of inherited DNA repair defects
    • RNA Structure and Synthesis
      1. Describe the Central Dogma and the basic structure of a gene
      2. Describe the process of transcription and explain the function of RNA polymerase
      3. Explain what a promoter is and its role in transcription
      4. How is RNA modified before leaving the nucleus?
      5. Describe the different types of RNA and their role in translation
      6. Describe how antibiotics can interfere in the process of transcription
    • Cell Division and its Control
      1. Describe the main features of the cell cycle
      2. Describe the main mechanisms and biological functions of mitosis and meiosis
      3. Discuss the role of genes in co-ordinating the cell cycle
      4. Give examples of human diseases associated with mutations in these genes
      5. Explain how some chemotherapeutic drugs may inhibit cell division in cancer cells
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • General Pathology
      1. Describe the types of investigations that can provide tissue for histological analysis, and discuss the clinical value of such analysis
      2. Describe the morphological changes undergone by cancer cells as seen in a photomicrograph
  • Medical knowledge: CANCER
    • Cancer and Genetic Disease
      1. Describe the genetic changes that occur in oncogenes
      2. Describe the role of gain of function mutations in oncogenes and loss of function mutations in tumour suppressor genes in cancer initiation and progression
      3. Describe the processes of spontaneous and carcinogenic DNA damage
    • Pathology of Cancer
      1. Give a brief classification of benign and malignant tumours based on origin of cell and morphological features
    • Neoplasia
      1. Define the terms: tumour, neoplasm, benign, malignant, histogenesis, differentiation, metastasis
      2. Identify and compare the major pathological features of benign and malignant neoplasms
      3. To be able to describe the pathological features of carcinomas
      4. Identify and compare the behaviour between benign and malignant neoplasms
      5. Give a brief classification of benign and malignant neoplasms according to their cell of origin
      6. Define the term paraneoplastic syndrome and give some examples
      7. Give a brief classification of benign and malignant neoplasms according to their cell of origin (histogenesis)
      8. List the aetiological agents that have been linked to the development of some malignant neoplasms
      9. Describe the effects of a neoplasm on the host
      10. Define the term paraneoplastic syndrome and give some examples
    • General
      1. 3. To know the hallmarks of cancer and describe the alterations in physiology that collectively result in malignant growth
      2. Identify and describe the key features of metastasis
      3. Have a basic knowledge of grading and staging tumours
  • Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION (TD 8.8)
    • The Immune Response in Health
      1. Know that many pathogens invade the spaces between cells eg extra-cellular bacteria
      2. Know how bacteria are eliminated using the humoral immune response
      3. Know what an antibody is
      4. Know how phagocytes (eg neutrophils) interplay with antibodies
      5. Understand complement and know its function
    • Immunology - General Outcomes
      1. Understand cytokines and their function
      2. 1. To understand that immunology is related to disease including infections, autoimmunity and allergy (hypersensitivity).
      3. Appreciate the key concept that cytokines are very beneficial molecules in small localised controlled doses, but are extremely harmful molecules in high prolonged and systemic doses
      4. Be aware of the main players in the immune system including lymphocytes (T-cells, B cells and NK cells), myeloid cells (macrophages and granulocytes), dendritic cells and antibodies
      5. Know that the immune system is an agent of harm in the modern age
      6. Appreciate that communication between cells is critical
      7. Realise the importance of long term immunological memory
    • Communication between Immune Cells and Tissues
      1. Know that Th1 cells drive cell-mediated immunity
      2. Know that Th2 cells drive humoral immunity
      3. Know that Th17 cells drive responses to extracellular bacteria
      4. Know that T-reg cells retrain immune responses
      5. Know that memory T-cells remember our infection history
      6. Appreciate that CD4 or helper T-cells orchestrate adaptive immun responses
    • Recognition and Response to Antigens
      1. Know how the immune system recognises antigens
      2. Know the meaning of the term antigen
      3. Introduce the idea that TCRs and BCRs are made with random antigen recognition capacities
      4. Appreciate that innate immune cells recognise a limited array of microbial structures using pattern recognition receptors.
      5. Understand the importance of distinguishing self from non-self
      6. Understand how T and B cells recognise antigens and how the diversity of antigen recognition receptors on these cells is generated.
      7. Be familiar with the basic structure of an antibody molecule.
      8. Understand the role of antigen presentation and the structure and function of major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecules.
  • Medical knowledge: MICROBIOLOGY and INFECTION (TD 8.9)
    • Antivirals and Viral Infections
      1. Know the concept of inhibition of virus specific enzymatic activities
      2. How to inhibit cellular factors important for virus replication
      3. What are the treatment strategies and treatment side effects for selected viral infections
    • Antimicrobials and Bacterial Infections
      1. Describe the principle of selective toxicity
      2. Describe the structure and function of targets in microbes that differ from their counterparts in the host
      3. Understand the mechanisms and implications of inherent and acquired antimicrobial resistance in bacteria
    • General Outcomes for Microbiology
      1. Be able to distinguish between the different groups of pathogens
      2. List the basic characteristics of viruses and the criteria by which they are classfied
      3. Outline the structure of bacteria, emphasising differences from eukaryotic cells
      4. Describe the structure of viruses, defining the terms: capsid; capsomeres; genome; nucleocapsid, envelope
      5. Describe how bacteria can be classified on the basis of staining properties and morphology
      6. Describe how viruses replicate
      7. List those parts of the body which should be sterile and those which have a normal flora
    • Sources of Infection and Routes of Transmission
      1. Define the terms: incidence; prevalence; endemic; epidemic; pandemic
      2. Discuss how pathogens are transmitted
      3. Discuss methods of controlling infectious diseases (prevention, immunisation, treatment) and the significance of herd immunity.
    • Pathogenesis
      1. Describe portals of entry of pathogens and their adherence mechanisms
      2. For viruses, list their mechanisms of persistence, and explain their harmful effects (killing cells, alter functions of cells, giant cell formation, malignant change, hypersensitivity)
      3. For bacteria, list their mechanisms of persistence, describe how they make you ill, and how they survive the host response (involving stress, stealth, scavenging, striking back)
      4. Describe how pathogens are disseminated through host organs and how they exit from the host
    • Terminology used in Microbiology
      1. Define the terms pathogen; commensal; opportunistic pathogen; carriage; colonisation resistance; virulence
  • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • Synaptic Transmission
      1. Review the various types of receptors
      2. Recall how synapses integrate excitatory and inhibitory signals
      3. Be able to explain how changes in axon diameter and myelination affect the conduction velocity of axons
      4. Describe how the action potential is converted into a chemical signal at the synapse
      5. Describe how sensory information is integrated and a motor response initiated if appropriate
      6. Explain why pre-synaptic calcium is important for chemical transmission
      7. Compare the effects of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters on the post-synaptic membrane potential
    • Drug Receptor Interactions
      1. Describe how the volume distribution of a drug is calculated and the factors that affect the distribution of a drug in the body
      2. Describe the four major classes of receptors
      3. Describe how drug activity can be modified by changes in receptor interactions
    • Evidence Based Pharmacology
      1. Be aware of the various milestones and pitfalls in drug development
    • Safe Prescribing and Drug Administration
      1. Describe the main routes of drug administration
      2. Identify the routes of administration that lead to 1st pass metabolism and how this contributes to the activity of a drug
      3. Recognise how phase I and phase II reactions contribute to the drugs elimination
      4. Describe how dosage regimes affect the activity of a drug
      5. Recognise the factors that affect drug interactions
  • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
    • Health across the life course
      1. Explain the meaning of ‘health’
  • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Routes of Spread
      1. Define the terms: incidence; prevalence; endemic; epidemic; pandemic
      2. Discuss how pathogens are transmitted
      3. Discuss methods of controlling infectious diseases (prevention, immunisation, treatment) and the significance of herd immunity.
  • Medical Knowledge: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & RESEARCH
    • General Topics
      1. Critically appraise the results of controversial research papers reported in the medical and scientific literature
      2. Apply findings from the literature to answer questions raised by controversial research papers
      3. Appreciate that most of the biomedical literature is generally not reproducible
    • General Topics
      1. Understand the public health, ethical and scientific issues involved in fraudulent medical research
  • Professional issues: ETHICS and LAW (TD 20 a-g)
    • General Outcomes for Medical Professionalism
      1. Specify why the privileges associated with being a medical student carry with them the responsibility to respect the rights and dignity of patients
    • Informed Consent
      1. Explain why obtaining consent is an integral part of successful clinical relationships and the key tenets of GMC policy
      2. Differentiate between explicit and applied consent, indicating when each is important
    • Moral Philosophy
      1. Understand the nature and outline the various forms of an ethical problem; identify examples of ethical problems in medicine
      2. Outline the major moral theories and their criteria of identifying goodness
      3. Give examples of how each of these theories could be applied in medico-ethical decision making
      4. Describe the shortcomings of moral theories and suggest how they could be overcome
  • Professional issues: MEDICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE UK (TD 23 c)
    • Medical Leadership and Management - General
      1. Consider why we have a national health service
• General Outcomes for Community Care
  • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
    • Health Inequality
      1. Identify social determinants of health
      2. Consider the importance of social determinant of health on individuals and communities

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