Modules

• Year 1
  • Introduction to Year 1 and Year Outcomes
  • Fundamentals of Medicine
  • Cardiorespiratory 1
  • Metabolism 1
  • Locomotor 1
  • Brain and Behaviour 1
  • Human Development 1
  • Medicine in Society 1
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 2
  • Introduction to Year 2 and Year Outcomes
  • Cardiorespiratory 2
  • Metabolism 2
  • Brain and Behaviour 2
  • Human Development 2
  • Human Sciences and Public Health 2
  • Locomotor 2
  • Cancer Week
  • Moving and Handling Training
  • Year 2 Lifesaver Programme
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society 2
  • Extended Patient Contact
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 3
  • Introduction to Year 3 and Year Outcomes
  • Clinical Science and Professionalism (Weeks 1-3)
  • Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematology (CR3)
  • Gastroenterology and Cancer (MET3A)
  • Public Health
  • Endocrinology and Renal Medicine (MET3B)
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
  • Clinical and Communication Skills
• Year 4
  • Introduction and Year 4 Outcomes
  • Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Child Health
  • HIV & Sexual Health
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Health Care of the Elderly
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology
  • General Practice and Community Care
  • Psychiatry
  • Ear, Nose and Throat
  • Global Health and Ethics
  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical & Communication Skills
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year 5
  • Introduction to Year 5 and Year Outcomes
  • Teaching Week 1
  • Teaching Week 2
  • Anaesthesia & ITU (AN & ITU)
  • Breaking Bad News
  • Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Community Care
  • Doctors as Teachers and Educators (DATE)
  • Emergency Medicine (EMERG MED)
  • General (Internal) Medicine (G(I)M)
  • Immediate Life Support (ILS)
  • Student Assistantship
  • Simulation
  • Surgery
  • Student Selected Component (SSC)
• Year GEP 1
  • Cancer Week
  • Movement and Posture
  • Carriage of Oxygen
  • Human Sciences and Public Health
  • Digestion, Growth and Metabolism
  • Infection and Immunity
  • Ethics
  • Brain and Behaviour
  • Human Development
  • Clinical Communication Skills
  • Medicine in Society (GEP)

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Year 1 CR1: Cardiorespiratory 1

• Dr Rachel Ashworth
• r.ashworth@qmul.ac.uk

Teaching Material for this Module

Introduction

Welcome to the Cardiorespiratory System introductory course. This course is designed to introduce you to the basic structure and function of the body systems that enable oxygen and metabolic fuel to reach tissues, and carbon dioxide and waste products to be removed. By the end of the course you should be able to:

1. Describe the structure and function of the different types of cells in the blood
2. Explain the mechanisms of haemostasis and blood clotting, and describe the commonest medical conditions where these mechanisms malfunction
3. Explain the method by which oxygen is carried from the lungs to the tissues
4. Describe the basic structure and functions of blood vessels, the heart and lungs
5. Describe how the heart works as a pump, including the pressures of the cardiac cycle and the heart's electrical activity as measured by the ECG; understand what is meant by heart failure and how it may be managed.
6. Explain the role of blood pressure, cardiac output and peripheral resistance in the distribution of blood to the various organs of the body; describe the neuronal and hormonal control of these parameters
7. Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of blood pressure at rest and during exercise and injury
8. Describe the mechanisms of gaseous exchange in the lungs, and the mechanisms whereby blood carried gases to and from tissues to the lungs; describe the commonest medical conditions where these mechanisms malfunction
9. Describe the main classes of drugs used to treat the most common pathological conditions in the cardiorespiratory system
10. Carry out basic clinical physical examinations related to the cardiorespiratory system

 

 

 

 

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Index

• General Outcomes for the Cardiovascular System
• General Outcomes for the Respiratory System
• General Outcomes for Renal and Urinary System
• General Outcomes for Haematology
• Asthma (Priority 1*)
• Pleural Effusion and Pleural Disease (Priority 2)

• General Outcomes for the Cardiovascular System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Circulation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
      1. Know the arterial supply to the upper limb
      2. Know the venous drainage of the upper limb
    • Circulation of the lower limb and foot
      1. Know the arterial supply to the lower limb
      2. Know the venous drainage of the lower limb
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • General Cardiovascular Physiology
      1. Describe the role of the vascular endothelium .
    • Blood Pressure
      1. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and explain its role in blood pressure regulation
      2. List common drugs which can be used to control hypertension and explain their mechanism of action
      3. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and explain its role in blood pressure regulation
    • Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
      1. List the structures where smooth muscle is found
      2. Describe the heterogeneity of smooth muscle and link to function
      3. Describe the excitation - contraction coupling in smooth muscle and briefly contrast with cardiac and skeletal muscle
      4. Describe how external factors may contract or relax smooth muscle
    • Haemodynamics
      1. Explain the relationships between cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood pressure
      2. Explain the concept of arterial compliance, and describe the relationship between pulse pressure, stroke volume and compliance
      3. Know the importance of Poiseuille's Law relating vessel radius and resistance to flow, and the relevance of this to changes in pressure in the circulation
    • The Conducting System of the Heart and the ECG
      1. Briefly describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
  • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • General Outcomes for Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      1. Briefly describe how drugs may be used for treatment of hypertension and angina.
  • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
    • Pharmacological Therapy - Cardiovascular Disorders (General)
      1. Define heart failure and describe its treatment.
      2. Explain the benefits of lipid-lowering drugs.
• General Outcomes for the Respiratory System
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • General Outcomes for Respiratory Physiology
      1. List the functions of the respiratory system.
      2. Name the main structural features of the lungs.
      3. Distinguish between respiratory and non-respiratory components of the lungs and show how histological features are related to function.
      4. Describe the branching pattern of the respiratory tree, commenting on the significance of the cross-sectional area at different levels.
  • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • General Outcomes for Respiratory Pharmacology
      1. Outline the consequences of antigen interaction with fixed mast cell antibody and the actions of mediators released from mast cells.
  • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Respiratory Disease (inc. Tuberculosis)
      1. Outline the causes and social impact (in terms of mortality and morbidity) of a) airways disease; and b) respiratory infection
      2. Comment on the major social, environmental and occupational factors associated with pulmonary disease.
• General Outcomes for Renal and Urinary System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Renal System and Urinary Tract
      1. Outline the general organisation of the urinary system including the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra
      2. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production
      3. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Renal Function
      1. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production
      2. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron
      3. Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe its role in regulation of blood and urine volumes and renal homeostasis.
• General Outcomes for Haematology
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Carriage of Oxygen in the Blood
      1. Describe the structure of haemoglobin and explain why it is uniquely suitable for the carriage of oxygen in the blood
      2. Explain the significance of the subunit structure of haemoglobin and the consequences of mutations in the haemoglobin genes.
      3. Comment on the significance of methaemoglobin in erythrocytes
      4. Explain what is meant by haematocrit and how it is regulated.
      5. Explain the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood
• Asthma (Priority 1*)
  • General Outcomes for Asthma
    1. Explain, in terms of modes of action, how various agents can be used in the management of asthma, indicating possible side effects.
• Pleural Effusion and Pleural Disease (Priority 2)
  • General
    1. Describe how pleural aspiration is performed and list analyses that should be performed on fluid obtained

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