GMC Domains
- THE DOCTOR AS A SCHOLAR
- TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
- Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
- Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
- Medical knowledge: BIOCHEMISTRY (inc. Metabolism) (TD 8.3)
- Medical knowledge: CELL BIOLOGY (TD 8.4)
- Medical knowledge: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and GENETICS (TD 8.5, 8.6)
- Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
- Medical knowledge: CANCER
- Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION (TD 8.8)
- Medical knowledge: MICROBIOLOGY and INFECTION (TD 8.9)
- Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
- Medical knowledge: NUTRITION (TD 8.11)
- Medical knowledge: CLINICAL FEATURES of DISEASE (TD 8 b)
- TD 9: APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
- TD 10: APPLICATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
- TD 11. PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE OF POPULATION HEALTH
- TD 12; APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND APPROACHES TO MEDICAL RESEARCH
- TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
- THE DOCTOR AS A PRACTITIONER
- TD 13: CARRY OUT A CONSULTATION WITH A PATIENT
- TD 14: DIAGNOSE AND MANAGE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
- Clinical skills: INTERPRETING FINDINGS AND INITIAL ASSESSMENT (TD 14 a-b)
- Clinical skills: PLANNING AND INTERPRETING INVESTIGATIONS (TD 14 c-d)
- Clinical skills: MAKING A DIAGNOSIS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT (TD 14 e-f)
- Clinical skills: FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN (TD 14 g)
- Clinical skills: SURGERY and ANAESTHETICS (TD 14 g)
- Clinical skills: SUPPORTING PATIENTS and IDENTIFYING ABUSE and NEGLECT (TD 14 h-i)
- Clinical Skills: CARE OF PATIENTS AND RELATIVES AT END OF LIFE (TD 14 j)
- TD 15: COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY WITH PATIENTS AND COLLEAGUES
- TD 16: PROVIDE IMMEDIATE CARE IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
- TD 17: PRESCRIBE DRUGS SAFELY, EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY
- TD 18: CARRY OUT PRACTICAL PROCEDURES SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY
- TD 19: USE INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY IN A MEDICAL CONTEXT
- THE DOCTOR AS A PROFESSIONAL
- TD 20: BEHAVE ACCORDING TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES
- TD 21: REFLECT, LEARN AND TEACH OTHERS
- TD 22: LEARN AND WORK EFFECTIVELY WITHIN A MULT-PROFESSIONAL TEAM
- TD 23: PROTECT PATIENTS AND IMPROVE CARE
- Professional issues: DUTIES OF A DOCTOR (TD 23 a-b)
- Professional issues: MEDICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE UK (TD 23 c)
- Professional issues: RISK MANAGEMENT and PATIENT SAFETY (TD 23 d)
- Professional issues: GOVERNANCE, QUALITY MATTERS and AUDIT (TD 23 e)
- Professional issues: PERSONAL ATTITUDES and SELF CARE (TD 23 f-j)
TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE: Medical knowledge: CELL BIOLOGY (TD 8.4)
Introduction
Cell biology is an academic discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialised cells in multicellular organisms such as humans.
Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology. These fundamental similarities and differences provide a unifying theme, sometimes allowing the principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types. Hence, research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and developmental biology.
Index
- General Outcomes for Cell Biology
- Biological Energy
- Define the principal energy stores in human cells (FM1)
- Define energy balance and state how energy requirements are calculated
- Outline the role of uncoupling proteins
- Define basal (resting) metabolic rate (BMR)
- Recall the thermogenic effects of physical activity and food
- Describe the principal biological roles of ATP in relation to biosynthesis reactions, transport and motility (FM1)
- Describe the principal mechanisms of energy generation within the cell and distinguish between ATP generation through substrate level phosphorylation and via the proton motive force (FM1)
- Explain the significance of B-group vitamins in terms of coenzyme structure and function (FM1)
- Cell Differentiation and Cell Death
- Define programmed cell death (FM1)
- Explain the difference between stem cells and differentiated cells (FM1)
- Visualisation of cell behaviour including movement, cell division and death
- Describe the role of stem cells in cancer (FM1)
- Explain the changes that occur with ageing at the cellular and tissue levels (FM1)
- Sugars and Polysaccharides
- Distinguish between the terms monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide and name a physiologically important example of each group (FM1)
- Define the terms: glycosidic bond; sugar esterification (phosphates + sulphates); amino sugar, giving a physiologically relevant example of each one (FM1)
- Define the mechanism and biological importance of protein glycosylation (FM1)
- Outline the structures and biological roles of glycogen, heparin, proteoglycan and bacterial lipo-polysaccharide (FM1)
- Membrane Function
- Understand the functions of biological membranes and associated proteins including adhesion, transport and communication
- Be able to describe the function of membrane proteins (FM1)
- Distinguish between passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and active transport giving examples of each in human tissues (FM1)
- Understand the composition and architecture of biological membranes (FM1)
- Relate specialisations of the plasma membrane to its function (FM1)
- Describe how deficiencies in folding, trafficking and function of the CFTR protein cause cystic fibrosis (FM1)
- To appecriate the key components that make up most of the ECM including collagen and proteoglycans, (FM1)
- To describe how loss of cell ahesion can lead to diseases (FM1)
- To appreciate the mechanism that allow cells to adhere and move through the extracellular matrix (FM1)
- Lipids and Membranes
- Distinguish between essential and non-essential fatty acids and understand their importance as energy stores and as precursors of membrane lipids and paracrines (FM1)
- Explain the following terms in relation to enzyme catalysis: substrate specificity; active site; activation energy; cofactor and co-enzyme; proenzyme. (FM1)
- Describe the physiological functions of cholesterol: as a component of biological membranes and as a precursor for steroid and bile salt synthesis (FM1)
- Enzymes
- Define the following terms in relation to enzyme catalysis: substrate specificity; active site; activation energy; cofactor and co-enzyme; proenzyme. (FM1)
- Understand the principal mechanisms of steroids, prostaglandins and glycoproteins in normal human development.
- Explain the effects on enzyme catalysis of changes in temperature and pH. Distinguish between competitive and non-competitive inhibition, giving a physiological example of each. (FM1)
- Enzyme activity assays
- Define the term isoenzymes and their value in diagnostic enzymology. (FM1)
- Proteins
- 5. Explain the importance of the structure of glycoproteins
- Understand the role of the ribosome in mRNA translation; how and where, including co-translational translocation of membrane and secreted peptides at the ER (FM1)
- Outline the common structural features of the amino-acids and the roles of their side chains in protein structure and function (FM1)
- Describe the structure of proteins and the stabilising forces of the a-helix, b-pleated sheet and collagen triple helix (FM1)
- Comprehend the problems of protein folding in vivo and the role of molecular chaperones in dealing with this (FM1)
- Explain how post translational modifications can be important for stability and modulation of function (FM1)
- Cell and Tissue Structure
- Identify the organelles and ultrastructural features of cells; describe organisation and functions of the following and, where applicable, relate to human disease (FM1)
- Describe different types of cell to cell (intercellular) communication (FM1)
- Understand the functions of the principal components of the extracellular matrix and relate to cell function and disease (FM1)
- Discuss the structure and function of inter-cellular connections in relation to tissue function eg adherens junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, synapses and relate to disease (FM1)
- Describe the steps and components in a simple intracellular pathway (FM1)
- nucleus; mitochondrion; endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth); Golgi complex; lyosomes; peroxisomes; cytoskeleton; plasma membrane (FM1)
- Relate the specialised structure of the cell surface (microvilli, cilia, pseudopodia) to the functions of the tissues and cells concerned (FM1)
- Understand how signals may activate different responses in cells (FM1)
- How intracellular signals can act as molecular switches via phosphorylation (FM1)
- Explain the different types of intracellular and cell surface receptors (FM1)
- Understand the importance of cell communication in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. (FM1)
- Stem Cells
- Biological Energy