GMC Domains

• THE DOCTOR AS A SCHOLAR
  • TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Medical knowledge: BIOCHEMISTRY (inc. Metabolism) (TD 8.3)
    • Medical knowledge: CELL BIOLOGY (TD 8.4)
    • Medical knowledge: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and GENETICS (TD 8.5, 8.6)
    • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • Medical knowledge: CANCER
    • Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION (TD 8.8)
    • Medical knowledge: MICROBIOLOGY and INFECTION (TD 8.9)
    • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • Medical knowledge: NUTRITION (TD 8.11)
    • Medical knowledge: CLINICAL FEATURES of DISEASE (TD 8 b)
  • TD 9: APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: PSYCHOLOGY (TD 9 a-g)
  • TD 10: APPLICATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
  • TD 11. PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE OF POPULATION HEALTH
    • Medical knowledge: PUBLIC HEALTH and GLOBAL HEALTH (TD 11 a-j)
  • TD 12; APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND APPROACHES TO MEDICAL RESEARCH
    • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Medical Knowledge: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & RESEARCH
• THE DOCTOR AS A PRACTITIONER
  • TD 13: CARRY OUT A CONSULTATION WITH A PATIENT
    • Clinical skills: HISTORY (TD 13 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (TD 13 c)
    • Clinical skills: MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (TD 13 d)
  • TD 14: DIAGNOSE AND MANAGE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
    • Clinical skills: INTERPRETING FINDINGS AND INITIAL ASSESSMENT (TD 14 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: PLANNING AND INTERPRETING INVESTIGATIONS (TD 14 c-d)
    • Clinical skills: MAKING A DIAGNOSIS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT (TD 14 e-f)
    • Clinical skills: FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN (TD 14 g)
    • Clinical skills: SURGERY and ANAESTHETICS (TD 14 g)
    • Clinical skills: SUPPORTING PATIENTS and IDENTIFYING ABUSE and NEGLECT (TD 14 h-i)
    • Clinical Skills: CARE OF PATIENTS AND RELATIVES AT END OF LIFE (TD 14 j)
  • TD 15: COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY WITH PATIENTS AND COLLEAGUES
    • Clinical skills: INTERACTION WITH PATIENTS (TD 15 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: MANAGING INFORMATION (TD 15 c)
  • TD 16: PROVIDE IMMEDIATE CARE IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
    • Emergency Management of Patients (TD 16 b-e)
  • TD 17: PRESCRIBE DRUGS SAFELY, EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY
    • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
  • TD 18: CARRY OUT PRACTICAL PROCEDURES SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY
    • Clinical skills: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES (TD 18 a)
    • Clinical skills: THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES (TD 18 b)
  • TD 19: USE INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY IN A MEDICAL CONTEXT
    • Clinical skills: EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
• THE DOCTOR AS A PROFESSIONAL
  • TD 20: BEHAVE ACCORDING TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES
    • Professional issues: ETHICS and LAW (TD 20 a-g)
  • TD 21: REFLECT, LEARN AND TEACH OTHERS
    • Professional Issues: PERSONAL LIMITS OF CARE (TD 21e)
    • Professional issues: LEARNING (TD 21 a-d)
    • Professional issues: TEACHING AND MENTORING (TD 21 f)
  • TD 22: LEARN AND WORK EFFECTIVELY WITHIN A MULT-PROFESSIONAL TEAM
    • Professional issues: WORKING IN TEAMS (TD 22 a-c)
  • TD 23: PROTECT PATIENTS AND IMPROVE CARE
    • Professional issues: DUTIES OF A DOCTOR (TD 23 a-b)
    • Professional issues: MEDICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE UK (TD 23 c)
    • Professional issues: RISK MANAGEMENT and PATIENT SAFETY (TD 23 d)
    • Professional issues: GOVERNANCE, QUALITY MATTERS and AUDIT (TD 23 e)
    • Professional issues: PERSONAL ATTITUDES and SELF CARE (TD 23 f-j)

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TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE: Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)

Index

• General Outcomes for Pathology
• General Pathology - Cardiovascular System
• General Pathology - Respiratory System
• General Pathology - Haematological
• General Pathology - Gastrointestinal System
• General Pathology - Hepatobiliary System
• General Pathology - Renal System and Urinary Tract
• General Pathology - Endocrine System including Breast
• General Pathology - Child Health Disorders
• General Pathology - Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• General Pathology - Male Reproductive System
• General Pathology - Diseases of Ageing
• General Pathology - Psychiatric
• General Pathology - Neurosciences and Ophthalmology
• General Pathology - Musculoskeletal System
• General Pathology - Dermatological

• General Outcomes for Pathology
  • General Pathology
    1. Has an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of disease that under lie the 30 key medical conditions and can contribute to the patients’ diagnosis and treatment (click here for list) (YR5tw2, YR5tw2, YR5tw2)
    2. To describe the metabolism of uric acid and how it precipitates in the joints to cause gout (LOC2)
    3. Describe how the basic tissue types are organised in the skin and the colon
    4. Explain what causes fever
    5. Revise and deepen your understanding of common emergency and long term “surgical” conditions so that you can contribute, under supervision, to their diagnosis and treatment. (Click here for list)
    6. Know the methods available for the assessment of acid-base balance in patients (MET2)
    7. To describe the metabolism of uric acid and how it precipitates in the joints to cause gout (GEP/M&P)
    8. Be able to describe to a colleague or patient the basic science of the key conditions and procedures as set out for this module
    9. Know the methods available for the assessment of acid-base balance in patients. (GEP/CO2)
    10. Has an in depth knowledge of disease mechanisms underlying conditions commonly encountered in community practice (click here to see list) (GP5)
    11. The graduate will be able to apply to medical practice biomedical scientific principles, method and knowledge relating to: (click to see list): TD 8 a-g (YR5intro)
    12. Describe the effects of smoking on health (MedSoc1)
    13. To understand the pathogenesis and common causes of: a) respiratory acidosis b) respiratory alkalosis c) metabolic acidosis d) metabolic alkalosis (MET2)
    14. Knows the natural history of common acute, chronic and self limiting conditions as seen in general practice (click here for list) (GP5)
    15. Appreciate the pre-cancerous (dysplastic) nature of solar/actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease.
    16. To recognise the biochemical changes associated with the above disorders and how the body attempts to compensate (MET2)
    17. Describe the types of investigations that can provide tissue for histological analysis, and discuss the clinical value of such analysis (FM1)
    18. Describe the morphological changes undergone by cancer cells as seen in a photomicrograph (FM1)
• General Pathology - Cardiovascular System
  • Pathology of the Cardiovascular System - General
    1. Identify some of the anatomical features of common cardiac pathologies.
    2. Discuss and understand the pathological basis for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, mitral valve disease and aneurysm (CR2)
  • Arterial Aneurysms
    1. Describe how arterial aneurysms develop and give common anatomical sites at which they occur (CR3)
  • Pericardial Disease
  • Hypertension and Hypotension
    1. Learn the patho-physiology of atherosclerosis and other mechanisms of hypertension (CR3)
    2. Define hypertension (essential and secondary) and learn British Hypertension Society targets for blood pressure control (CR3)
    3. Learn secondary causes of hypertension and give symptoms and signs that may be found in each condition (CR3)
    4. Explain how these control systems could malfunction to produce hypertension, and the problems caused by hypertension.
    5. Learn the definition of accelerated hypertension (CR3)
    6. Learn about the pathology of target organ damage caused by accelerated hypertension (CR3)
    7. Understands the associated cardiovascular risk factors that should be looked for in patients with hypertension
  • Angina
    1. Learn about risk factors for the development of atheroma and outline how each should be controlled in a patient with angina (CR3)
    2. Distinguish between the terms chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndrome
    3. Describe the pathogenesis of atheroma and explain how this leads to angina
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction
    1. Define the emergency management of acute myocardial injury
    2. Understand strategies to limit infarct size: Anti-platelet agents; Reperfusion therapy
    3. Describe the changes in cardiac enzymes including troponin and creatinine kinase that occur from hours to weeks following MI (CR3)
    4. Outline the continuing care and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
    5. Understand the pharmacotherapy of stable angina
    6. Describe the pathogenesis of an acute MI (CR3)
    7. Have awareness of the spectrum of myocardial injury: from acute coronary syndromes to frank myocardial infarction
    8. List the complications of myocardial infarction (CR2)
    9. List the causes of myocardial ischaemia and infarction. (CR2)
    10. Describe the changes in the coronary arteries that lead to myocardial ischaemia and infarction. (CR2)
    11. Describe the pathological changes that occur in a heart undergoing infarction (CR2)
  • Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects
    1. List cardiological causes of collapse
    2. Learn the causes of each type of pathological tachycardia and bradycardia (CR3)
    3. Describe how abnormalities of cardiac electrophysiology lead to the arrhythmias listed above (CR3)
  • Vascular Disease (Inc. CVA)
    1. Know the general mechanisms which cause cerebral vascular disease (CR3)
    2. Explain how blood supply to the bowel may be compromised and how this might present acutely/chronically (CR3)
    3. Learn the different pathological types of renal artery stenosis and describe people who might typically be affected by each (CR3)
  • Cardiac Failure and Pulmonary Oedema
    1. List causes of left, right and bi-ventricular cardiac failure and the pathogenesis underlying each
    2. Understand the management of heart failure
    3. Describe symptoms and signs of left, right and biventricular cardiac failure (CR3)
    4. Be familiar with pharmacotherapy of heart failure and the major classes of drugs used: ACEI, A2RB, diuretics, Beta blockers and aldosterone antagonists
    5. Know the different causes of oedema and explain the pathophysiology of each.
    6. Be aware of non-pharmacological strategies to manage heart failure: cardiac resynchronization therapy
    7. Revise the management of acute heart failure (pulmonary oedema)
    8. Be aware of new advancements in the treatment of heart failure (CR3)
    9. Discuss the macroscopic and histological changes in the lungs and liver in heart failure
  • Acute Circulatory Failure and Shock
    1. Describe how hypovolaemia, cardiac failure or obstruction (cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism), sepsis and anaphylaxis can each cause shock (CR3)
    2. Describe how central venous pressure measurement can be used to give an indication of the cause of shock (CR3)
    3. Explain the patho-physiological consequences / complications of shock (CR3)
    4. Learn the causes of cardiogenic shock (CR3)
  • Cardiorespiratory Arrest
  • Endocarditis
    1. Describe the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis and its complications (CR3)
    2. Be able to list host factors predisposing to the development of endocarditis (CR3)
    3. Discuss the link between rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis (CR3)
  • Valvular Heart Disease
    1. Discuss the causes and symptoms of mitral stenosis and regurgitation
    2. Discuss the structural changes that occur in valvular heart disease and how function is affected. (CR2)
    3. Be able to describe the haemodynamic consequences of atrial and ventricular septal defects (CR3)
    4. Distinguish between the causes of diastolic murmurs using characteristics of the murmur (site, radiation, character, pitch) and associated clinical features (CR3)
    5. Learn the causes of aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis; describe the pathological effect that each type of valve lesion has on the heart and circulation (CR3)
    6. Discuss the causes and symptoms of aortic stenosis and regurgitation.
  • Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis
    1. Describe the development of atherosclerosis (CR2)
    2. Recognise the complications of atherosclerosis (CR2)
    3. Describe the clinical symptoms and signs of coronary artery disease and their association with underlying pathology. (CR2)
    4. Describe the prevention and treatment strategies for coronary artery disease, with particular attention paid to the mechanism of action of drugs. (CR2)
    5. Identify common locations for atherosclerotic lesions and the consequences of these. (CR2)
    6. Describe the relationship between lipoprotein concentrations, atheroma and cardiovascular risk (CR3)
  • Pericardial Disease
  • Myocardial Disease and Cardiomyopathy
    1. Define cardiomyopathy and know the types of cardiomyopathy (CR2)
    2. Learn the major causes of myocarditis (CR3)
    3. Know the constraints that different cardiomyopathies pose on haemodynamics (CR2)
    4. Know the current criteria that govern the classification of cardiomyopathies (CR2)
    5. Define cardiomyopathy and learn the types of cardiomyopathy (CR3)
    6. Outline the main pathological features of cardiomyopathy (CR3)
  • Congenital Cardiovascular Disease
    1. Learn the factors that cause congenital heart disease (CR3)
    2. Describe the pathology and cardiac consequences of these cardiac malformations (CR3)
    3. Define and explain the Eisenmenger reaction / syndrome and explain why this worsens prognosis (CR3)
  • Acute and Chronic Limb Ischaemia and Periperhal Vascular Disease
    1. Discuss mechanisms which may lead to the development of acute limb ischaemia (CR3)
    2. Describe the nature and timing of pathological changes that will occur in an acutely ischaemic limb if the ischaemia is not relieved (CR3)
  • Varicose Veins
    1. Discuss the pathophysiology of varicose veins (CR3)
    2. Give risk factors for the development of varicose veins (CR3)
  • Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
    1. Explain how Group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection can lead to heart, skin, joint and CNS involvement and describe the pathological changes in these tissues. (CR3)
    2. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathology and complications of rheumatic fever
  • Limb Ulceration and Gangrene
    1. List the causes of chronic leg ulcers and describe the different appearances (CR3)
    2. Describe the pathogenesis of ischaemic, venous and diabetic ulcers (CR3)
    3. Describe the gangrene associated with chronic ischaemia (CR3)
• General Pathology - Respiratory System
  • General Outcomes for Respiratory Disorders
    1. Describe the neurological pathways involved in the sensation of breathlessness (CR2)
    2. Recognise and describe specific disease processes that affect the lung, relating pathological features to radiological changes. (CR2)
    3. Discuss the differentiation between obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
    4. Discuss the natural history and prognosis of obstructive and restrictive lung conditions
    5. Explain the basic anatomical changes in some common lung pathologies and how they are identified in a chest X-ray.
  • Asthma
    1. Learn the precipitating factors for an asthma attack (CR3)
    2. Describe the aetiology, pathophysiology, morphology and pathological consequences of asthma
    3. Describe the underlying pathology in asthma and its effect on airway function. (CR2)
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
    1. Describe the pathology of COPD
  • Respiratory Failure
    1. Have an understanding of type I and II respiratory failure; the causes and consequences of hypercapnia and hypocapnia.
    2. Describe the pathological consequences of hypoxia and hypercapnoea (CR3)
    3. Describe the pathogenesis of Type 1 respiratory failure (CR3)
    4. Learn causes of Type 1 respiratory failure (CR3)
    5. Describe the pathogenesis of Type 2 respiratory failure (CR3)
    6. Learn causes of Type 2 respiratory failure (CR3)
  • Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis
    1. Learn the common causes of bronchiectasis (CR3)
  • Pneumonia
    1. Describe the typical X-ray features of lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and atypical pneumonia
    2. Compare and contrast lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia with particular reference to clinical features, pathogenesis, macroscopic appearance and complications
    3. Describe what is meant by atypical pneumonia. Name the principle organisms that cause atypical lower respiratory tract infections and describe the associated morphological changes
  • Venous Thromboembolism
    1. Describe the physiological and pathological processes that occur in a post-thrombotic limb; explain how these may lead to venous insufficiency and ulceration (CR3)
    2. Describe the relationship between DVT and pulmonary embolism.
    3. Describe the pathological and physiological mechanisms leading to DVT and pulmonary embolism.
    4. Discuss the causes and predisposing factors of DVT and pulmonary embolism.
  • Pleural Effusion and Disease
    1. List causes of an exudate and a transudate (CR3)
  • Chest Trauma and Haemothorax
  • Pneumothorax
    1. Define tuberculosis (CR3)
    2. Learn the risk factors and describe the pathogenesis of pneumothorax (CR3)
    3. Be aware of the DOTS strategy (CR3)
    4. Review the symptoms of tuberculosis (see lung cancer for differential diagnosis of haemoptysis) (CR3)
    5. Differentiate between primary and post-primary tuberculosis (CR3)
    6. List the investigations for active tuberculosis (CR3)
    7. Understand the role of BCG vaccination. (CR3)
    8. Explain why contact tracing is important (CR3)
    9. Understand the standard treatment of tuberculosis (CR3)
    10. Define the terms, pneumothorax, spontaneous pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax and comment briefly on the management of these conditions.
  • Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  • Interstitial Lung Disease
    1. Summarise the other causes of lung fibrosis including occupational dusts, sarcoidosis, extrinsic alveolitis, TB, connective tissue diseases and drugs
  • Sarcoidosis
    1. Describe the pathological features of sarcoidosis (CR3)
    2. Describe how sarcoidosis affects a) the lungs and b) other tissues and organs (CR3)
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
    1. Outline the causes of sleep apnoea in children and adults (CR3)
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
    1. Learn about the common causes of pulmonary hypertension, particularly other systemic conditions (CR3)
  • Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis
    1. Describe the pathology of bronchiectasis (CR3)
    2. Describe the pathological effect and clinical consequences of cystic fibrosis in non-pulmonary organs (CR3)
  • Occupational Lung Disease
    1. Describe the pulmonary consequences of asbestos exposure (CR3)
• General Pathology - Haematological
  • General Outcomes for Haematological Pathology
    1. Recognise abnormal features in blood films characteristic of white blood cell disorders. (CR2)
  • Anaemia
    1. Learn the common causes of macrocytic anaemia and macrocytosis without anaemia (CR3)
    2. Construct a simplified classification for the haemolytic anaemias
    3. Outline the common causes of iron deficiency anaemia (CR3)
    4. Understand the concept of megaloblastic anaemia and the effect of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency or inhibition on DNA synthesis (CR3)
    5. Outline the common causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency (CR3)
    6. Describe the mechanisms leading to anaemia caused by decreased red cell lifespan – the haemolytic anaemias.
    7. Recall the basic causes of anaemia and the morphological classification of anaemia ie, microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic (CR3)
    8. Explain the anaemia of chronic disease, and show how this can be differentiated from other types of anaemia.
    9. Explain the concept of the Anaemia of Chronic Disorder/Inflammation.
    10. Understand the concept of anaemia of chronic disorder / inflammation
    11. State the classification of anaemia based on red cell size, i.e. microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic
    12. List the causes of macrocytic anaemia.
    13. List the causes of microcytic anaemia.
    14. Revise abnormal features in blood films characteristic of anaemias. (CR2)
  • Benign White Cell Disease
    1. Define neutropenia and describe the causes and consequences of this condition (CR3)
  • Platelet Disorders
    1. Learn the common causes of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) (CR3)
  • Haemoglobinopathies
  • Bleeding Disorders
  • Disorders of Haemostasis
    1. Summarise how certain bleeding disorders are inherited, or are acquired
  • Venous Thromboembolism
    1. Recall the pathological and physiological mechanisms leading to VTE (CR3)
  • Blood Transfusion
  • Leukaemias
    1. Understand the nature of the malignant process and the concept of clonality; relate this to haematological malignancy - abnormal growth, differentiation and apoptosis
    2. Understand the concept of the myeloproliferative disorders
    3. Understand the concept of myelodysplasia
  • Myeloma
    1. Understand the structure and function of the immunoglobulins
    2. Define the term paraproteinaemia
    3. Describe the biochemical and haematological abnormalities common in myeloma and their significance
    4. Understand the pathology and clinical manifestations of myeloma
  • Lymphoma
    1. Define the term lymphoma
    2. Be able to recall a simplified classification of lymphoma
    3. Understand the staging of lymphoma; list the criteria used for staging
    4. Discuss the pathology of lymphoma including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
  • Polycythaemia
    1. Define polycythaemia (CR3)
    2. Learn the basic mechanisms leading to the development of erythrocytosis (CR3)
• General Pathology - Gastrointestinal System
  • Gastrointestinal System - General Pathology
    1. Outline the changing nature and function of the epithelial lining of the alimentary tract. (GEP/DGM)
    2. Describe the characteristic features of the gastric mucosa.
    3. Draw a diagram of the normal small intestinal mucosa and show what changes occur in enteropathy. (GEP/DGM)
    4. Illustrate the structure of the upper small intestinal wall (serosa to mucosa). (GEP/DGM)
    5. Describe common pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. (GEP/DGM)
  • The Acute Abdomen (General)
  • Pancreatitis
    1. Know the causes of acute pancreatitis
    2. Know the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis
    3. Be aware that acute severe pancreatitis can lead to multi-organ failure
    4. Be able to describe the aetiology of pancreatitis
  • Appendicitis
    1. Know the aetiology of appendicitis (MET3A)
  • Peptic Ulceration
    1. Describe the most common cause of peptic ulcer and how this cause is eradicated
    2. Define peptic ulceration; list the sites where peptic ulcers can occur (MET3A)
    3. Describe the different types of peptic ulcer and the underlying aetiological factors (MET3A)
    4. Describe the pathology of peptic ulcers; outline the features that distinguish between peptic ulcers and ulcerating carinomas (MET3A)
    5. Name an important group of ulceragenic (ulcer causing) drugs. Comment on a possible mechanism which may underline this effect
    6. List the complications of peptic ulceration (MET3A)
    7. Outline the causes of peptic ulceration; describe the role of H.pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers (MET3A)
    8. Know the common causes of peptic ulcer perforation (MET3A)
  • Herniae - General
    1. Know the pathogenesis of femoral hernias
    2. Discuss the formation of inguinal hernias, the relevant anatomy and the possible surgical interventions (GEP/HD, HD2)
    3. Know the causes and associated aetiological factors of femoral hernias
    4. Be able to define the term hernia
    5. Understand the following descriptive terms used to describe hernias: reducible; irreducible; incarcerated; strangulated; sliding
    6. Know and be able to describe the different types of hernia: inguinal; femoral; umbilical; paraumbilical; epigastric; incisional; parastomal
    7. Broadly understand the causes and associated aetiological factors of the other hernias
    8. Know the pathogenesis of direct and indirect inguinal hernias
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
  • Large Bowel Obstruction
    1. Know the most common causes and classification of mechanical large bowel obstruction (MET3A)
    2. Know the complications that can result from large bowel obstruction: (ischaemia, perforation and biochemical derangement) (MET3A)
  • Small Bowel Obstruction
    1. Know the causes and classification of small bowel obstruction
    2. Know the most common causes of mechanical small bowel obstruction (MET3A)
    3. Know the complications that can result from small bowel obstruction including: ischaemia, perforation and biochemical derangement (MET3A)
  • Gastro-intestinal Bleeding
    1. Be able to list the causes of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (MET3A)
    2. Know the aetiopathology of the common causes of lower GI bleeding including: haemorrhoids; diverticular disease; ischaemic colitis; colonic polyps and carcinoma; angiodysplasia; ulcerative colitis (MET3A)
    3. Know the aetiology of common causes of upper GI bleeding including: duodenal ulcer; gastric ulcer; gastric erosions; oesophageal varices; Mallory Weiss tear (MET3A)
    4. Know the risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the role of the GP in its prevention (MET3A)
  • Crohn's Disease
    1. Compare and contrast the clinical and pathological features of the idiopathic types of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease (MET3A)
  • Coeliac Disease
  • Diverticular Disease
    1. Understand the causes of diverticular disease (MET3A)
    2. Understand the complications of diverticular disease (MET3A)
  • Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
    1. Describe the causes, pathology and complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) (MET3A)
    2. Define Barrett's Oesophagus; outline the aetiology, pathogenesis. pathology and complications (MET3A)
  • Diarrhoea
    1. Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms that may produce diarrhoea (MET3A)
  • Constipation
  • Obesity
  • Fasting and Starvation
    1. Understand possible adverse consequences of rapid refeeding after malnutrition
    2. Recall the salient features of anorexia and bulimia
    3. Outline the impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on health
    4. Outline the prevalence and significance of protein-energy malnutrition
    5. Outline the long-term effects of fasting and malnutrition on body composition and metabolism
    6. Define wasting and stunting
  • GI Trauma
    1. Understand the different mechanisms of trauma injury eg blunt v. penetrating / crush v. blast
  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
  • Oesophageal Disorders
• General Pathology - Hepatobiliary System
  • Liver Disease - General Pathology
    1. Understand the aetiopathology of the more common causes of acute/chronic liver disease
    2. Be able to list the possible causes of acute/chronic liver disease.
  • Hepatides - General
    1. Give an account of the viral hepatides; describe the epidemiology, clinical features, pathology and complications
    2. Outline the main causes of acute hepatitis and briefly describe the pathology
    3. Outline the main causes of chronic hepatitis and briefly describe the pathology
    4. List the viruses which may cause hepatitis and interpret the results of serological investigations
  • Cirrhosis
    1. Be able to define Cirrhosis and its main causes (MET3A)
    2. Describe the morphological features of cirrhosis and discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie its complication (MET3A)
  • Oesophageal Varices
  • Portal Hypertension
    1. Define portal hypertension. List its main causes and complications
  • Hepatic Failure
    1. Describe the systemic effects of hepatic failure
  • Cholecystitis and Gall Stones
    1. Know the pathology of gallstones (MET3A)
    2. Know the causes of cholecystitis (MET3A)
    3. Know the epidemiology and risk factors for Gallstones (MET3A)
  • Jaundice and Obstructive Jaundice
    1. Understand the differences between conjugated and un-conjugated bilirubinaemia (MET3A)
    2. Be able to list the causes of jaundice (MET3A)
  • Alcohol - Effects on the Liver
    1. Describe the effects of alchohol on the liver
• General Pathology - Renal System and Urinary Tract
  • General Outcomes for Renal Tract Disorders
    1. Know the risk factors and typical pathology of bladder cancer.
    2. Describe the presenting features and complications of renal cell carcinoma.
    3. Understand the common causes of testicular disease, including undescended testes and torsion.
    4. Know the presentation, aetiology and treatment of common testicular tumours
    5. List the causes of impaired glomerular filtration and the clinical consequences of this.
    6. Know the presentation, aetiology and treatment of prostate cancer.
  • Nephrotic Syndrome and Glomerulonephritis
    1. Define the terms nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome
    2. Describe the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying glomerular injury and the tissue reactions of the glomerulus to injury
    3. Outline the clinico-pathological features of the common types of glomerulonephritis
  • Acute Renal Failure
    1. Classify the causes of acute renal failure into pre-renal, renal and post-renal
    2. Outline the systemic effects and pathological changes in the kidney of acute renal failure.
    3. Understand the cause and management of the diuretic phase during recovery from acute renal failure
    4. List the causes of acute renal failure
  • Chronic Renal Failure
    1. List the common causes of chronic renal failure
    2. Understand the concept of hyperfiltration injury
    3. Describe the pathological changes of chronic renal failure in the kidney
    4. Understand the classification of chronic failure into the five classes of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  • Renal Replacement Therapy and Renal Transplantation
    1. Describe the basic principles of tissue typing and lymphocytotoxic cross matching
  • Malignancies of the Renal Tract
    1. Understand the pathogenesis of tumours of the renal tract and their risk factors
    2. Discuss the pathology of mass lesions of the urinary tract.
  • Renal Stone Disease and Renal Tract Calcification
    1. Know the metabolic conditions that can result in renal tract calcification
    2. Discuss the aetiology and pathological consequences of calculi in the kidney and ureter
  • Bladder Dysfunction and Urinary Tract Infection
• General Pathology - Endocrine System including Breast
  • General Outcomes for Endocrine Disorders
    1. To understand the genetic basis of familial acromegaly
    2. Describe the normal structure and function of the adult pituitary gland.
    3. Understand the anatomical relationships between the pituitary gland and its surrounding structures.
    4. Understand the typical pathology of thyroid goitres and adenomata.
    5. Describe the pathology of different types of thyroid cancer.
    6. Recognise and describe specific disease processes that affect the glands of the endocrine system (GEP/DGM)
    7. Describe the pathology of parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia.
    8. Know the structure of a Pancreatic Islet Cell
    9. Explain the functions of the zones of the adrenal gland.
  • Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
    1. Describe the principal forms of diabetes mellitus
    2. List the long-term complications of diabetes mellitus
    3. List the long-term complications of diabetes mellitus
    4. Be able to classify the types of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and list the causes of secondary DM
    5. Outline the potential abnormalities of glucose homeostasis in diabetes
    6. Define the terms glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in relation to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    7. Summarise the effects of inadequate insulin secretion or action upon carbohydrate and fat metabolism, including the aetiology of diabetic ketoacidosis
    8. Distinguish between the terms water diuresis, osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. State typical values (and normal ranges) for the osmolality and of urine and daily urine production
    9. Recognise the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia
    1. Understand the causes of hypernatraemia and hyponatraemia
    2. List the causes of thirst and polyuria
  • Metabolic Syndrome
    1. Understand the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic syndrome
    2. Understand the relationship between hepatic steatosis with obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes
    3. Understand the following terms: insulin resistance; glucose tolerance; metabolic syndrome
  • Disorders of the Thyroid
    1. Define goitre, list the causes and briefly describe the pathology
    2. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of hypo- and hyperthyroidism
    3. Be able to define the various benign and malignant tumours of the thyroid
  • Adrenal Disorders - Cushing's and Addison's
    1. Describe the clinical syndromes underlying causes and pathology associated with adrenocortical hypofunction
    2. Discuss the clinical features, causes and pathology of Cushing's Syndrome
  • Adrenal Disorders - Endocrine Hypertension
    1. Describe the possible mechanisms of endocrine mediated hypertension with reference to phaeochromocytoma, Conn's Syndrome and renal artery stenosis
• General Pathology - Child Health Disorders
  • Pathology of Child Health Disorders - General
    1. Describe the main fetal abnormalities resulting from each of these infections (GEP/HD)
    2. List the main problems associated with being born prematurely, with reference to its effect on organ development, particularly with regard to respiratory, brain and gastrointestinal problems. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    3. Explain the importance of the post-mortem examination and the role of follow-up arrangements.
  • Pathology of Childhood Malignancies - General
    1. Describe the pathology of common malignancies and their presentations
  • Pathology of Congenital Abnormalities
  • Pathology of Neonatal Disorders
    1. Describe the pathology and pathophysiology of: hyaline membrane disease; necrotising enterocolitis; intraventricular haemorrhage; ischaemic brain damage
    2. Describe the pathology and pathophysiology of: hyaline membrane disease; necrotising enterocolitis; intraventricular haemorrhage; ischaemic brain damage; hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (GEP/HD)
    3. Explain the cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn, and how it may be prevented.
  • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
    1. List the common causes of death in infancy and childhood (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. Discuss the difference between unexpected death in infancy and sudden infant death (SIDS) (GEP/HD, HD2)
    3. Explain the reasons for doing a post mortem in cases of unexpected death in infancy (GEP/HD, HD2)
  • Pathology of Cardiovascular Disease (Children)
    1. Explain the mechanisms by which the common forms of cyanotic heart disease produce cyanosis (GEP/HD, HD2)
  • Pathology of Respiratory Disorders (Children)
    1. Describe the physiological mechanisms for wheeze in young children (GEP/HD, HD2)
  • Pathology of Haematological Disease (Children)
  • Pathology of GI Disorders (Children)
  • Pathology of Endocrinological Conditions (Children)
    1. List the causes of short stature and devise a programme of investigations to elucidate the cause
  • Pathology of Neurological Disorders (Children)
  • Pathology of Musculoskeletal Disorders (Children)
• General Pathology - Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Pathology of Gynaecological Disorders - General
    1. Dermatological conditions affecting the vulva e.g. lichen disorders, and other dermatoses
    2. Describe the effect of these complications on the mother and the fetus (GEP/HD, HD2)
    3. Vulval Pain Syndrome
    4. Understand the relationship between STIs and fertility
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
    1. Identify the main causes of infertility (GEP/HD)
    2. Understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Papilloma Virus Infection
  • Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
    1. Identify the main causes of infertility (GEP/HD)
    2. Be able to outline the pathology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome.
  • Disorders of the Endometrium
  • Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
    1. Explain the consequences of injury to the pelvic floor during childbirth
  • Pathology of Obstetric Problems - General
    1. Discuss the pathogenesis and presentation of diabetes, anaemia and non-viral infections in pregnancy (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. 8. Recognise that molecules can be produced ectopically
    3. Describe the effect of the following complications upon the mother and the fetus: hypertension/PET; miscarriage; placenta praevia/abruption; ectopic pregnancy; twins; trophoblastic disease
    4. List the main problems associated with placentation, placentation sites and placental development: a) miscarriage b) ectopic c) trophoblastic disease d) hypertension/PET e) placental praevia/abruption (GEP/HD, HD2)
    5. Explain the effect of the following complications on perinatal mortality and morbidity
    6. Explain the effect on perinatal mortality and morbidity (GEP/HD, HD2)
    7. Describe the effect of these complications on the mother and the fetus (GEP/HD, HD2)
    8. Understand the relationship between STIs and pregnancy
    9. Understand the relationship between HIV and pregnancy, and principle of management of HIV before, during and after pregnancy
  • The Rhesus Factor and Pregnancy
  • Infections in Pregnancy
    1. List the viruses and other organisms that can harm a pregnancy (GEP/HD)
• General Pathology - Male Reproductive System
  • Male Reproductive System - General Pathology
    1. Identify the main causes of infertility (GEP/HD)
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Prostatic Hyperplasia
• General Pathology - Diseases of Ageing
  • Disease of Ageing - General Pathology
    1. The common causes and effects of severe disability in the older patient (HCOE4)
    2. Know and understand the common causes and presentations of cardiovascular disease in the elderly including IHD, Heart failure, Valvular heart disease, Arrhythmia (brady, heart block and tachy), Hypertension, Hypotension, venous disease.
    3. The ‘geriatric giants’ and their common causes.
    4. Know and understand the common cancers of older patients including breast, prostate, colon, pancreatic, stomach, oesophageal, lung, haematological (CLL and myeloma), and skin – bcc and scc
    5. Know and understand the common causes and presentations of respiratory disease in the elderly including CAP, HAP, Aspiration pneumonia, Respiratory failure. COPD, Fibrotic lung disease, bronchiectasis, PE, Pleural effusions.
    6. Differentiate between normal ageing (senescence) and pathological changes of old age
    7. The issues and their immediate management that arise when a severely disabled patient is admitted to hospital.
    8. Briefly outline the patterns of disease noted in human development and diseases of premature ageing (HD1)
    9. Appreciate the common orthopaedic presentations of older people (click to see list)
    10. Briefly outline the patterns of disease noted in human development and diseases of premature ageing (HD1)
    11. How to assess a patient�s level of ability / disability, including being able to assess previous and present level of activities of daily living (ADLs), their home circumstances and levels of support (formal and informal) (HCOE4)
    12. State a common disease of old age in each of the major systems of the body
    13. The issues and their immediate management that arise when a severely disabled patient is admitted to hospital. (HCOE4)
    14. The principles around complex discharge planning (click to see list) (HCOE4)
    15. Can describe the biochemical, molecular, cellular, genetic theories of ageing. (HCOE4)
    16. Can describe the pathology associated with normal ageing and age associated disease processes. (HCOE4)
    17. Can describe the diagnosis, pathophysiology, management and preventative strategies for specific disease processes: dementia, delirium, depression, osteoporosis, falls, parkinsonism & movement disorders, cerebrovascular disease and stroke. (HCOE4)
  • Stroke Disease
    1. The common causes and risk factors of TIA and stroke disease. (HCOE4)
    2. The Oxford community stroke project classification of stroke. (HCOE4)
    3. The objective ABCD2 score used in patients presenting with a TIA. (HCOE4)
    4. Be able to take an appropriate, focussed history, and examine a patient presenting with TIA or stroke disease. (HCOE4)
    5. The common differential diagnosis of patients presenting with TIA or stroke like symptoms. (HCOE4)
    6. Know and understand how to investigate a patient presenting with TIA / Stroke disease including the ordering and interpretation of relevant (click to see list) (HCOE4)
    7. Know and understand the primary drug classes and members used in TIA / Stroke disease, their indications, contra-indications, common side effects and interactions; Including anti-platelets, Thrombolysis, Anticoagulants, Lipid lowering medications, Smoking. (HCOE4)
    8. Know and understand the roles of the key members of the multi-disciplinary team involved with the care of stroke patients. (HCOE4)
    9. Appreciate the organisation of acute and rehabilitation services for stroke patients, including HASU, stroke units and community stroke team. (HCOE4)
    10. Know and understand the common acute and long term complications of stroke, their diagnosis and management; Including nutrition, speech and language problems, skin care, secondary sepsis, loss of limb function, incontinence, depression. (HCOE4)
    11. Appreciate the role of the specialist MDT in the rehabilitation and discharge planning for patients with severe disability. (HCOE4)
  • Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
    1. Understanding of the scale of the problem and impact that incontinence has on the individual (HCOE4)
    2. Be able to take a focussed and diagnostic history of a patient presenting with incontinence. (HCOE4)
    3. Aware of the different types of incontinence including stress, urge, mixed, functional and overflow. (HCOE4)
    4. Know and understand how to investigate and manage an elderly patient with incontinence (HCOE4)
    5. Aware of the causes of faecal incontinence. (HCOE4)
    6. Know and understand how to investigate and manage an elderly patient presenting with faecal incontinence. (HCOE4)
  • Falls in the elderly
    1. Be able to a focussed and diagnostic history of a patient presenting with falls (HCOE4)
    2. Be aware that it is comorbidities not age on its own that predicts outcome in the older surgical patient and that decisions should not be made on grounds of age alone. (HCOE4)
    3. Know the common causes of falls and instability in the older person (HCOE4)
    4. Appreciate the generic principles of working up a patient for a major operative intervention, including gaining consent (in patients with and without capacity), peri-operative care, anaesthetic assessment. (HCOE4)
    5. Appreciate that most falls have a multi-factorial aetiology (HCOE4)
    6. Aware of the role of the geriatrician and multidisciplinary team in the management of the older surgical patient in particular hip fractures. (HCOE4)
    7. Be able to perform a focused, diagnostic examination of a patient presenting with a fall, including those presenting with a common fracture. (HCOE4)
    8. Be able to order and interpret relevant investigations for a patient presenting with a fall, including common blood tests, radiology, microbiology,12-lead ECG and rhythm strips. (HCOE4)
    9. Appreciate the multi-factorial approach that should be taken in falls prevention (HCOE4)
    10. Appreciate the multi-disciplinary approach taken in a falls clinic. (HCOE4)
    11. Appreciate the principles of simple and complex discharge planning for an older patient recovering after a fall (HCOE4)
  • Delirium and Dementia (See also Psychiatry)
    1. Know the definition and differences between delirium and dementia. (HCOE4)
    2. Be able to take an appropriate, focussed history, and examine a patient presenting with delirium and / or dementia. (HCOE4)
    3. Know and understand how to investigate a patient presenting with delirium and /or dementia, including the ordering and interpretation of relevant tests. (HCOE4)
    4. The common causes of delirium under the following headings: Sepsis, Iatrogenesis, Intracranial, metabolic. (HCOE4)
    5. Describe the clinical, macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes of Alzheimer's Disease
    6. Know and understand the roles of the key members of the multi-disciplinary team involved with the care of patients presenting with acute and chronic confusion. (HCOE4)
    7. Know and understand the specific therapeutic interventions used in patients with common causes of delirium. (HCOE4)
    8. The common causes of dementia (click here for details). (HCOE4)
    9. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of dementia in the elderly. (HCOE4)
    10. Be able to Perform a mental state examination; this should include a 10-point Abridged mental test score (AMTS) and be familiar with the 30-point MoCA , the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test and the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination (ACE-R). (HCOE4)
    11. Know and understand the principles of assessment of mental competency / capacity. (HCOE4)
    12. Know and understand the key therapeutic interventions used in patients with dementia (click to see list). (HCOE4)
    13. Know and understand the function and role of the diagnostic memory clinic team and dementia support services (HCOE4)
    14. Know and understand the principles of supporting patient's wishes who are losing or who are deemed not to have capacity including legal power of attorney and court of protection (HCOE4)
    15. Appreciate the principles of multi-disciplinary, complex discharge planning for an older patient with cognitive impairment. (HCOE4)
  • Neuro-degenerative Disorders
    1. Know and understand the common causes of parkinsonism, including Primary Parkinson�s disease, Secondary � Vascular Parkinsonsm, Drugs, Neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinsonism plus group), Trauma and toxins (HCOE4)
    2. Be able to take an appropriate, focused history, and examine a patient presenting with Parkinsonism (HCOE4)
    3. Know and understand how to investigate a patient presenting with parkinsonism, including the ordering and interpretation of relevant (click to see list) (HCOE4)
    4. List the common neuro-degenerative diseases of old age
    5. Appreciate the use of functional radiological scanning including PET and SPECT scans. (HCOE4)
    6. Appreciate the role of stereotactic neurosurgical interventions (HCOE4)
    7. Know and understand the roles of the key members of the multi-disciplinary team involved with the care of patients presenting with Parkinson�s disease (HCOE4)
    8. Describe the clinical and pathological changese associated with Parkinson's Disease
    9. Know and understand the primary drug classes used to manage Parkinson�s disease including L-Dopa, DA agonists, COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors, Apomorphine (HCOE4)
  • Sensory Impairment
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders
    1. Appreciate the common orthopaedic presentations of older people (click to see list)
    2. The common causes and risk factors leading to osteoporosis (HCOE4)
    3. The common causes and effects of severe disability in the older patient
    4. Know the common causes of falls and instability in the older person
    5. The common presentations of patients with osteoporosis (HCOE4)
    6. Know and understand the peri-operative care of a patient presenting with a common fracture of the upper or lower limb in an older person
    7. The common therapeutic interventions used in osteoporosis including calcium and vitamin D supplementation, Bisphosphonates, SERMs, Strontium, Parathyroid hormone analogues, Calcitonin (HCOE4)
  • Pressure Sores and Ulcers
    1. Be aware of the causes of pressure sores in the elderly patient and importance and impact this has on a patients health and prognosis. (HCOE4)
    2. Be aware of the classification of pressure sores. (HCOE4)
    3. Be aware of the waterlow score used to predict development of pressure sores and methods to prevent sores developing (HCOE4)
    4. Be aware of management strategies around managing pressure sores. (HCOE4)
  • Dying and End of Life
    1. Know and understand common, serious conditions that cause older patients to present in extremis (click to see list). (HCOE4)
    2. Know and understand the principles of discharge planning for patients with end stage disease and / or multiple palliative care needs. (HCOE4)
    3. Appreciate the principles used to discuss the diagnosis, progression and terminal care of patients with a neurodegenerative disease e.g. dementia. (HCOE4)
    4. Appreciate the palliative care principles used to in the management of patients at the end of life. (HCOE4)
    5. Appreciate the principles used in discussing end of life care, CPR, and appropriateness of care with patients and carers. (HCOE4)
    6. Know and understand the primary drug classes and members used in palliation of patients with serious, end stage disease, their indications, contra-indications, common side effects and interactions: (HCOE4)
    7. Know and understand how to certify death, complete a death certificate and part 1 of a cremation form. (HCOE4)
• General Pathology - Psychiatric
  • Anxiety Disorders
    1. To understand the difference between fear and anxiety and the importance of this distinction (PSYCH4)
    2. Anxiety Disorders: To summarise current knowledge of the aetiology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia and other specific phobias (PSYCH4, PSYCH4)
  • Delirium & Confusion
  • Dementia & Alzheimer's Disease
  • Mood Disorders
  • General
    1. To achieve a basic understanding of brain function and pathological processes (PSYCH4)
    2. To understand the two-way links between Medical diseases and Psychiatric disorders (PSYCH4)
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
    1. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: To summarise current knowledge of the aetiology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. (PSYCH4)
  • Personality Disorder
  • Psychosomatic Disorders
  • Psychosis & Schizophrenia
    1. To define correctly the term “psychosis” (PSYCH4, PSYCH4)
    2. To summarise the current knowledge concerning aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of schizophrenia. (PSYCH4, PSYCH4)
  • Alcohol & Substance Abuse
  • Anorexia Nervosa
    1. Summarise current knowledge of the aetiology, clinical features, epidemiology, course, co-morbidities, complications and treatment for anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia Nervosa
    1. Summarise current knowledge of the aetiology, clinical features, epidemiology, course, co-morbid disorders, complications and treatment for bulimia nervosa
• General Pathology - Neurosciences and Ophthalmology
  • Parkinon's syndrome
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of parkinson's disease (NEURO4)
    2. Describe the motor deficits seen in Parkinson’s disease and explain the theory of direct and indirect pathways used to explain the motor deficits (GEP/BB)
  • Motor neurone disease
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of motor neuron disease
    2. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of motor neuron disease (NEURO4)
  • Dementia
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of dementia (NEURO4)
    2. Be able to classify dementia
    3. Be able to describe the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
    4. Be able to describe alterations in cholinergic neurotransmission in Alzheimer's disease.
    5. Be able to describe the main types of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and their use in dementia.
  • Creutzfedt-Jakob Disease
  • Pyogenic Meningitis
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of infective meningitis (NEURO4)
  • Cerebral Infections
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of infective meningitis (NEURO4)
  • Disorders of Demyelination
  • Multiple Sclerosis
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of multiple sclerosis (NEURO4)
    2. Interpret the presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF (NEURO4)
  • Guillaine Barre Syndrome
  • Peripheral nerve disease
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of peripheral neuropathies
    2. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of peripheral neuropathy (NEURO4)
  • Raised intracranial pressure
  • Intracranial haemorrhage
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage (NEURO4)
  • Pyogenic Meningitis
  • Viral Meningitis
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of infective meningitis (NEURO4)
  • Cerebral Infarction
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Cerebral Aneurysm
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage (NEURO4)
  • Stroke
    1. Describe the pathophysiology of stroke in relation to risk factors. (BB2)
    2. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of stroke (NEURO4)
    3. Recognise the common neurovascular syndromes and mechanisms of stroke. (BB2)
  • Sudden Visual Loss
    1. Know the causes of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the causes of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain.
    3. Know the causes of visual loss in the ageing eye to include cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration.
    4. Know the causes of visual loss in the ageing eye (OPHTH4)
  • General topics
    1. Demonstrate an awareness of the breadth of neurological pathology
  • Traumatic head injury
    1. Review the anatomical features of the cranium relevant to head injury.
    2. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of head injury (NEURO4)
    3. Understand the physiological principles relating to the intracranial pressure.
    4. Understand the pathological changes which occur in the brain following head injury.
    5. Be able to provide an overview of the types of intracranial injury which occur and the basic principles of their management after head injury.
  • The unconcious patient
  • Acute Red Eye
    1. Know the common disorders affecting the cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids and the watery eye. (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the common retinal disorders including detachment, retinal vascular disorders and the use of lasers. (OPHTH4)
  • Headache
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage (NEURO4)
    2. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of headache (NEURO4)
    3. Can describe the pathophysiology, clinical symptoms and basic treatments of headache (BB2)
    4. Review the central structures involved in primary headache
  • Pain
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of spondylosis (NEURO4)
  • Epilepsy
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of epilepsy (NEURO4)
    2. Describe the various mechanisms that may underlie epileptic seizures.
  • Huntington's disease
    1. Describe Huntington’s chorea, ballismus and athetosis, and explain the deficits in basal ganglia function that lead to these syndromes. (GEP/BB)
  • Neuro-ophthalmological Conditions
    1. Know the common neuro-ophthalmic disorders to include the interpretation of visual field abnormalities.
    2. Know the common neuro-ophthalmic disorders to include the interpretation of visual field abnormalities (OPHTH4)
  • Squints and Ambylopia
    1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
    2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
    3. Squints and Ambylopia (OPHTH4)
  • Ocular Trauma
    1. Know about ocular trauma
  • The Eye and Systemic Disease
    1. Understand the involvement of the eye in diabetes and other systemic disorders e.g. hypertension. (OPHTH4)
  • Neonatal Conjunctivitis
    1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
    2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
  • Hydrocephalus
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of hydrocephalus (NEURO4)
  • Myasthenia Gravis
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of myasthenia gravis (NEURO4)
• General Pathology - Musculoskeletal System
  • Osteomyelitis
    1. Can outline the aetiology, pathology and sequelae of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (MusSkel4)
  • Suppurative Arthritis
  • Bone tumours
  • Osteoporosis
    1. Osteoporosis,causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments
    2. Is able to identify risk factors for Osteoporosis and give appropriate prophylaxis (non-pharmacological and pharmacological) (MusSkel4)
    3. Can describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment and complications of osteoporosis (MusSkel4)
  • Primary muscle diseases
  • Paget's Disease
    1. Understand the aetiology, clinical features, pathology and complications of Paget's disease of bone (MusSkel4)
  • Renal Osteodystrophy
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
    1. Rheumatoid arthritis, causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments
    2. Rheumatoid arthritis, causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments (LOC2)
    3. Knows the pathophysiology, and clinical and radiological features of rheumatoid arthritis (MusSkel4)
  • Osteoarthritis
    1. Describe the pathology, presentation, investigation and management of spondylosis (NEURO4)
    2. Osteoarthritis: causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments
    3. Be aware of the different types of Osteoarthritis and the known causes of these (LOC2)
    4. Understand the pattern of joints affected in Osteoarthritis and why (LOC2)
    5. Can describe the pathology, clinical & radiological features and treatment of osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    6. Understand the process of degeneration of the cartilage that leads to Osteoarthritis (LOC2)
  • Polyarteritis nodosa
  • Vasculitis
    1. Understand the classification of vasculitis (CR3)
    2. Understand the pathology of common vasculitis conditions (CR3)
    3. Understand the importance of anti-nuclear cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) (CR3)
    4. Understand the signs and symptoms and pathology of Polyarteritis nodosa, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) and ANCA related vasculitis. (CR3)
    5. Give a differential diagnosis of conditions presenting like vasculitis (CR3)
    6. Can outline a simple classification of vasculitis (MusSkel4)
  • Connective Tissue Diseases
    1. Describe the autoantibodies commonly associated with the connective tissue disorders (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe clinical features and diseases associations of Sjogrens syndrome (MusSkel4)
    3. Can describe the clinical features and management of systemic sclerosis / scleroderma (MusSkel4)
    4. Understands the clinical features, diagnosis and overall management of polymyositis and dermatomysoitis (MusSkel4)
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
    1. Discuss the clinical features, pathology and systemic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (MusSkel4)
  • Sero-negative Arthritides
  • Biochemistry
  • General
    1. Apply the normal anatomy of joints to pathological conditions. (LOC2)
    2. Can describe the clinical features and treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, wrist ganglions, DeQuervain's tenosynovitis, Dupuytrens contracture, trigger finger (MusSkel4)
    3. Can describe the pathogenesis of an acute disc prolapse (MusSkel4)
    4. Apply knowledge of the basic anatomy of the upper and lower limb, vertebral column, joint types, muscle groups, nerve and vascular supply; to musculoskeletal diseases. (LOC2)
    5. To describe the common traumas seen that affect the muscuoskletal system and their complications and treatments. (LOC2)
    6. Can describe the features and treatment of frozen shoulder, rotator cuff tendinopathy, subacromial bursitis and biceps tendinopathy (MusSkel4)
    7. Can describe the common causes of back pain (MusSkel4)
    8. List the causes of hypercalcaemia and outline the diagnostic investigations
    9. Can describe the features and predisposing causes of discitis (MusSkel4)
    10. Can list the causes and clinical features of gout (MusSkel4)
    11. To describe the pathophysiology of calcium salt precipitation in joints. (GEP/M&P)
    12. Summarise the socio-economic impact of this condition on individuals, the community and the health services (MedSoc1)
    13. To describe the pathophysiology of calcium salt precipitation in joints (LOC2)
    14. pathologies of inflammatory myopathies
    15. To understand the basics of how joints are affected by disease (GEP/M&P)
    16. To describe the normal microanatomy of ligaments and how this changes in disease or injured states (LOC2)
    17. To examine common endocrine and metabolic muscle disorders (GEP/M&P)
    18. Understand common endocrine and metabolic muscle disorders (LOC2)
    19. Can describe the clinical and radiological features, and treatment, of calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy (pseudogout) (MusSkel4)
    20. Be able to distinguish between the following terms and conditions: Hypercalcaemia; Primary hyperparathyroidism; Secondary hyperparathyroidism; Tertiary hyperparathyroidism;
    21. Can describe the features and treatment of meniscal tears, anterior cruciate ligament tear, medial collateral ligament sprain, Osgood-Schlatters disease, iliotibial band syndrome, patellofemoral pain syndrome (MusSkel4)
    22. Can describe the features and treatment of trochanteric bursitis, transient synovitis of the hip, OA of the hip (MusSkel4)
    23. Can describe six red flag features and understand their diagnostic value (MusSkel4)
    24. Can describe the clinical and radiological features and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (MusSkel4)
    25. Can describe the microscopic features of synovial fluid in gout (MusSkel4)
    26. Understands the association between genetic (HLA B27) and environmental factors in spondyloarthropathy (MusSkel4)
  • Paediatric joint disease
    1. Understand the different age presentations of the three childhood hip conditions (MusSkel4)
    2. Understand the development and management of paediatric conditions and how to recognise them on radiographs. (LOC2)
  • Fractures
    1. To describe the different types of fractures (GEP/M&P)
    2. To describe the different types of fractures (LOC2)
    3. Can describe the clinical features and management of olecranon fracture, radial head fracture and dislocation (MusSkel4)
    4. To describe how bones repair themselves after a fracture (GEP/M&P)
    5. To describe how bones repair themselves after a fracture (LOC2)
• General Pathology - Dermatological
  • Cutaneous associations with systemic disease
    1. Have a working knowledge of the functional biology of the basement membrane in relation to blisters. (DERM4)
  • Melanocytic Naevi
    1. Understand the origin of common benign skin tumours including melanocytic naevi (moles), seborrhoeic keratoses, viral warts, haemangioma and lipomas

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