GMC Domains

• THE DOCTOR AS A SCHOLAR
  • TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Medical knowledge: BIOCHEMISTRY (inc. Metabolism) (TD 8.3)
    • Medical knowledge: CELL BIOLOGY (TD 8.4)
    • Medical knowledge: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and GENETICS (TD 8.5, 8.6)
    • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • Medical knowledge: CANCER
    • Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION (TD 8.8)
    • Medical knowledge: MICROBIOLOGY and INFECTION (TD 8.9)
    • Medical knowledge: PHARMACOLOGY (TD 8.10)
    • Medical knowledge: NUTRITION (TD 8.11)
    • Medical knowledge: CLINICAL FEATURES of DISEASE (TD 8 b)
  • TD 9: APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: PSYCHOLOGY (TD 9 a-g)
  • TD 10: APPLICATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE
    • Medical knowledge: SOCIOLOGY (TD 10 a-e)
  • TD 11. PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE OF POPULATION HEALTH
    • Medical knowledge: PUBLIC HEALTH and GLOBAL HEALTH (TD 11 a-j)
  • TD 12; APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND APPROACHES TO MEDICAL RESEARCH
    • Medical knowledge: EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • Medical Knowledge: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & RESEARCH
• THE DOCTOR AS A PRACTITIONER
  • TD 13: CARRY OUT A CONSULTATION WITH A PATIENT
    • Clinical skills: HISTORY (TD 13 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (TD 13 c)
    • Clinical skills: MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (TD 13 d)
  • TD 14: DIAGNOSE AND MANAGE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
    • Clinical skills: INTERPRETING FINDINGS AND INITIAL ASSESSMENT (TD 14 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: PLANNING AND INTERPRETING INVESTIGATIONS (TD 14 c-d)
    • Clinical skills: MAKING A DIAGNOSIS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT (TD 14 e-f)
    • Clinical skills: FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN (TD 14 g)
    • Clinical skills: SURGERY and ANAESTHETICS (TD 14 g)
    • Clinical skills: SUPPORTING PATIENTS and IDENTIFYING ABUSE and NEGLECT (TD 14 h-i)
    • Clinical Skills: CARE OF PATIENTS AND RELATIVES AT END OF LIFE (TD 14 j)
  • TD 15: COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY WITH PATIENTS AND COLLEAGUES
    • Clinical skills: INTERACTION WITH PATIENTS (TD 15 a-b)
    • Clinical skills: MANAGING INFORMATION (TD 15 c)
  • TD 16: PROVIDE IMMEDIATE CARE IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
    • Emergency Management of Patients (TD 16 b-e)
  • TD 17: PRESCRIBE DRUGS SAFELY, EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY
    • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
  • TD 18: CARRY OUT PRACTICAL PROCEDURES SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY
    • Clinical skills: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES (TD 18 a)
    • Clinical skills: THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES (TD 18 b)
  • TD 19: USE INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY IN A MEDICAL CONTEXT
    • Clinical skills: EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
• THE DOCTOR AS A PROFESSIONAL
  • TD 20: BEHAVE ACCORDING TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES
    • Professional issues: ETHICS and LAW (TD 20 a-g)
  • TD 21: REFLECT, LEARN AND TEACH OTHERS
    • Professional Issues: PERSONAL LIMITS OF CARE (TD 21e)
    • Professional issues: LEARNING (TD 21 a-d)
    • Professional issues: TEACHING AND MENTORING (TD 21 f)
  • TD 22: LEARN AND WORK EFFECTIVELY WITHIN A MULT-PROFESSIONAL TEAM
    • Professional issues: WORKING IN TEAMS (TD 22 a-c)
  • TD 23: PROTECT PATIENTS AND IMPROVE CARE
    • Professional issues: DUTIES OF A DOCTOR (TD 23 a-b)
    • Professional issues: MEDICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE UK (TD 23 c)
    • Professional issues: RISK MANAGEMENT and PATIENT SAFETY (TD 23 d)
    • Professional issues: GOVERNANCE, QUALITY MATTERS and AUDIT (TD 23 e)
    • Professional issues: PERSONAL ATTITUDES and SELF CARE (TD 23 f-j)

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TD 8: APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES, METHOD AND KNOWLEDGE: Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)

Introduction

Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organisation of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

The history of anatomy has been characterised, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI imaging.

Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (also called morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs.

Index

• General Outcomes for Anatomy
• Embryology
• Vertebral Column
• Upper Limb
• Thorax
• Abdomen
• Pelvis
• Lower Limb
• Head and Neck
• Neuroanatomy

• General Outcomes for Anatomy
  • Anatomical Positions, Planes and Movements
    1. Be able to explain the anatomical position and language of anatomy. (GEP/M&P)
    2. Describe the anatomical position and use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions and body planes or sections. (FM1)
    3. Know the accepted anatomical language with regard to anatomical planes
    4. Be able to explain how muscles are named anatomically. (GEP/M&P)
    5. Be able to explain the parts of the musculoskeletal system, including the axial and epaxial skeleton, and the major types of skeletal muscle. (GEP/M&P)
    6. Describe the main features of the human body, by using appropriate anatomical language.
    7. Use the basic language of anatomical directions and movements (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, pronation etc)
    8. Understand the following anatomical planes: Axial; Transverse; Horizontal; Sagittal; Coronal (GEP/BB)
    9. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and list the major organs contained within them. Name the serous membranes and indicate their common function (FM1)
    10. Can name the different types of tissue and identify their major functions:
    11. Understand the following anatomical positions: Medial; Lateral; Proximal; Distal; Superior; Inferior; Deep Superficial; Palmar; Plantar; Anterior/Ventral; Posterior/Dorsal; Rostral; Caudal
    12. An introduction to the anatomy laboratory
    13. Can describe the relevant skin and fascia
    14. Understand the anatomical position and planes of section
    15. Understand and use the basic language of anatomical directions and movements (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, proximal, distal etc)
    16. Identify the main components of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine and reproductive systems of the body. (FM1)
    17. Can describe the relevant, deep fascia, compartments (FM1)
    18. Can describe the relevant muscle groups and movements (FM1)
    19. Name the different types of tissue and identify their major functions for a) Skin and fascia; b) Deep fascia, compartments and bursal sacs; c) Muscles and d) Bones and tendons
    20. Locate the major organs in cross section and on MRI and CT (FM1)
  • Surface Anatomy - General
    1. Apply the normal anatomy of joints to pathological conditions. (LOC2)
    2. Be able to describe basic surface anatomy, especially that relevant to general clinical examination and diagnosis
    3. Describe the body's organ systems and their location and relationship to the body's surface and skeleton
    4. Apply knowledge of the basic anatomy of the upper and lower limb, vertebral column, joint types, muscle groups, nerve and vascular supply; to musculoskeletal diseases. (LOC2)
    5. Be able to describe the body's organ systems, and their location and relationship to the body's surface and skeleton
    6. Be able to identify the different dermatomes on the limbs to assess somatosensation
    7. Describe basic surface anatomy especially that relevant to general clinical examination and diagnosis
  • Bones and Joints
    1. Can describe the axial and appendicular skeleton (FM1)
    2. Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton and describe their relative functions (FM1)
    3. Understand normal bone metabolism and remodeling
    4. Describe the main ligamentous attachments of the bony pelvis.
    5. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the back
    6. Can describe the functional anatomy of synovial joints and the spine (MusSkel4)
    7. Name and describe the major bones of the skull and the important foramina (FM1)
    8. Can classify the different types of joints (FM1)
    9. Classify the different types of joints
    10. Use the correct anatomical terms to describe movements at these joints (FM1)
  • Muscles, Nerves and Connective Tissue
    1. 3. Indicate the relationship of the foramina and notches to the passage of nerves, blood vessels and muscles.
    2. Describe the categorisation, main structural features and functions of the connective tissues.
    3. Identify and appreciate the relevance of different muscle fibre types. (GEP/M&P)
    4. Recognise the different types of connective tissue in photomicrographs (FM1)
    5. Can describe the distribution of the major nerve roots and peripheral nerves (MusSkel4)
    6. Compare and contrast the structure, function and location of the three major types of muscle. (FM1)
    7. Recognise nervous tissue and be able to distinguish neural and glial components (FM1)
    8. Identify common cell types found in connective tissues (FM1)
    9. Review anatomy of tendons and identify myotendinous junctions. (GEP/M&P)
    10. Describe the different cell types found in mature connective tissue.
    11. Describe the major responses of muscle to use and disuse. (FM1)
    12. Understand differences in the make-up of the extracellular matrix between various connective tissues and how types are differently organised (FM1)
    13. Show understanding of how different cell types within nervous tissue and the organisation of the tissue contribute to its functions (FM1)
    14. Relate the functional organisation of the neuromuscular synapse (junction) to the process of neuromuscular transmission. (FM1)
    15. Relate the composition of extracellular matrix components to the functional requirements of the various connective tissues.
    16. Relate organisation of different types of connective tissue to their function (FM1)
    17. Outline the distinctive structural and functional characteristics of nervous tissue. (FM1)
    18. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the two types of adipose tissue.
    19. Relate the structures of the neuronal cell body, dendrites, axon and synaptic terminal to their function. (FM1)
    20. Recognise different types of muscle and different components of muscle tissue in photomicrographs (FM1)
    21. Recognise the types of neurones and components of nerve tissue in a photomicrograph. (GEP/M&P)
  • Skin and Tissues
    1. For each of the various types of epithelial tissue, can outline its structural characteristics, functional capabilities, cellular specialisations and be able to give an example of a body site where it would be located. (FM1)
    2. Understand the structure and function of skin (LOC2)
    3. Can name the various types of glands, relate their structure to their function, and give an example of where each might be found in the body. (FM1)
    4. Can describe the basic structure of a mucosa and a serosa, and predict their functions from the different types of epithelial cell found on their surface. (FM1)
    5. Revise the normal components of skin including the different skin cell types and appendages.
    6. To consider the different skin sites that may become infected and the different associated clinical features: epidermal, dermal, subcutaneous, appendigeal. (LOC2)
  • Epithelia and Glands
    1. Recognise the various epithelial cell types in photomicrographs and predict their function from their structure (FM1, GEP/M&P)
    2. For each of the various types of epithelial tissue, outline its structural characteristics, functional capabilities, cellular specialisations and be able to give an example of a body site where it would be located. (FM1)
    3. Recognise glandular tissue in photomicrographs, identify the gland type and its likely function (FM1)
    4. Understand and master the use of the system for classifying different types of lining epithelia based on number of layers and shape of cells. (GEP/M&P)
    5. Name the various types of glands, relate their structure to their function, and give an example of where each might be found in the body. (FM1)
    6. Understand and master the use of the system for classifying different types of lining epithelia based on number of layers and shape of cells on the surface (FM1)
    7. Recognise and name the cell types found in these endocrine tissues - pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and pancreas (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2, MET2)
    8. Describe the basic structure of a mucosa and a serosa, and predict their functions from the different types of epithelial cell found on their surface. (FM1)
    9. Recognise, name and understand the function of different components of the basement membrane. (FM1, GEP/M&P)
    10. Recognise the mucous and serous membranes in photomicrographs and be able to identify different structural components found in each of these complex tissues (FM1)
    11. Recognise glandular tissue in photomicrographs, indentify the gland type and its likely function. (GEP/M&P)
    12. Recognise the basement membrane and list its function (GEP/M&P)
  • Blood and the Circulatory System
    1. Revise the understanding of the anatomical characteristics and functions of different types of leukocytes and identify them in blood smears
    2. Identify the structural difference between arteries and veins related to function. Name and locate the major arteries and veins in the systemic circulation. (FM1)
    3. Describe the anatomy of blood and lymphatic vessels. (CR2)
    4. Describe the position of the heart and identify the great vessels (FM1)
    5. Be able to differentiate between erythrocytes found in normal blood smears and those indicative of anaemia.
    6. Follow the main vessels to the viscera and to the periphery, identifying the main vessels (FM1)
    7. Understand the basic structure and function of bone marrow
    8. Be able to identify arteries and veins and relate the structure of their walls to their physiological function.
    9. Differentiate between systemic, portal and pulmonary circulation (FM1)
    10. Describe the general location of lymph nodes. (FM1)
    11. Discuss the role of vitamin B12 and folate in red cell development, and causes of deficiency.
  • Lymphatic System
    1. Describe the anatomy of blood and lymphatic vessels. (CR2)
    2. Explain how lymph is formed and returned to the bloodstream. (CR2, GEP/CO2)
    3. Describe the form and function of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen. (CR2, GEP/CO2)
    4. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the body and the anatomy of the major lymphatic ducts. (CR2, GEP/CO2)
  • Histology
    1. Describe the categorisation, main structural features and functions of the connective tissues. (FM1)
    2. Describe the different cell types found in mature connective tissue. (FM1)
    3. Relate the composition of extracellular matrix components to the functional requirements of the various connective tissues. (FM1)
    4. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the two types of adipose tissue. (FM1)
• Embryology
  • General Outcomes for Embryology
    1. Describe the basic embryology of congenital heart disease (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. 1. Describe the major developmental steps of the human embryo between the time of implantation and 8 weeks gestation including the development of the face and
    3. 5. Understand the descent of the ureters through the pelvis and the position of the bladder and the urethra in the male and female.
    4. Describe the major developmental steps of the human embryo between the time of implantation and 8-weeks gestation including the development of the face and heart
    5. Understand the difference between embryonic and fetal periods of development and the clinical significance to organ development and growth (GEP/HD, HD1)
    6. 2. Identify the major structures which are unique to the development of the embryo.
    7. Identify the major structures which are unique to the development of the embryo
    8. Highlights of week 4, to include the closure of the neural tube, folding of the embryo, the pharyngeal arches and the beginnings of the limbs. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    9. Know the highlights of Week 4 including closure of the neural tube, folding of the embryo, the pharyngeal arches and the beginnings of the limbs
    10. Highlights of week 5, to include the growth of the head and heart and kidneys. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    11. Know the highlights of week 5 including the growth of the head, heart and kidneys
    12. Highlights of week 6, to include, progress of the development of the limbs and heart and start of spontaneous movements. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    13. Know the highlights of week 6 including progress of the development of the limbs and the heart and start of spontaneous movements
    14. Highlights of week 7, to include the importance of cell death to shape the limbs and face and the growth and development of the gut. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    15. Know the highlights of week 7 including the importance of cell death to shape the limbs and face and the growth and development of the gut
    16. Know the highlights of week 8 including bone formation and more of the development of the gut
    17. Highlights of week 8, to include bone formation and more of the development of the gut. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    18. Know the embryological development and the associated surgical anatomy of the inguinal and femoral canals
  • Development of the Cardiovascular System
    1. Describe the early development of the heart and vessels.
    2. Describe embryonic folding of the heart.
    3. Explain the importance of the endocardial cushions and the separation of the atria and ventricles.
    4. Recognise the following congenital heart defects – dextrocardia, atrial and ventricular septal defects, persistent TA, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation.
    5. Describe fetal and neonatal circulation, and the adult derivatives of foetal vascular structures.
  • Development of the Renal and Genito-urinary System
• Vertebral Column
  • Surface Anatomy of the Back and Spine
    1. Be able to make the positon of the end of the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
  • Muscles, Ligaments and Movements of the Back and Vertebral Column
    1. Understand the movements of the vertebral column and how these change with standing and age.
  • Spinal Regions, Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs
    1. Identify the major gross anatomical features of the spinal cord and meninges
    2. Know the arrangement of the vertebrae in the vertebral column (LOC1)
    3. Draw a cross section of the spinal cord showing grey and white matter, dorsal and ventral horns
    4. Can identify the vertebrae from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions; understand the joints connecting the adjacent vertebrae
    5. Identify the main blood supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord
    6. Describe the pathways of the principal ascending and descending tracts within the white matter
    7. Know the main features of a typical vertebrae and identify the atypical vertebrae (LOC1)
    8. Describe the basic neurological deficits related to spinal cord injuries
  • The Spinal Cord
    1. Describe the organisation of the spinal cord in the vertebral column and the arrangement of dorsal and ventral roots
  • Circulation of the Back and Vertebral Column
• Upper Limb
  • Surface Anatomy of the Shoulder and Upper Limb
    1. Be able to describe the major surface landmarks of the upper and lower limbs (LOC1)
    2. Relate these to the clinical exams and assessment of the limbs in health and disease (LOC1)
    3. Be able to relate these to the clinical examinations and assessments of the lilmbs in health and disease
  • Muscles and Tendons and Movements of the Shoulder Joint
    1. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the upper limb
    2. List the movements of the glenohumeral joint and name the muscles that produce these movements.
  • The Axilla
  • The Brachial Plexus
    1. Be able to explain the formation of the brachial plexus (LOC1)
  • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Upper Limb
    1. Know the functional anatomy of the upper limb (LOC1)
    2. Define the term opposition of the hand (GEP/M&P)
    3. Be able to understand the modifications for movement and the clinical relevance of these modifications. (LOC1)
    4. Name the joints of the elbow, the movements of the elbow, and the muscles that produce these movements.
  • Bones and Joints of the Upper Limb
    1. Be able to identify the bones, their arrangements and joints that comprise the pectoral girdle (LOC1)
    2. Be able to identify the bones and the osteology of the elbow joint (LOC1)
    3. Understand the functional anatomy of the glenohumeral joint and its modifications for alloweing movement. Understand the clinical relevance of these modification (LOC1)
  • Circulation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
    1. Know the arterial supply to the upper limb (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    2. Describe the arterial supply to the upper limb
    3. Know the venous drainage of the upper limb (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    4. Know the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the elbow region (LOC1)
    5. Be able to identify the positions where arterial pulsations may be felt in the upper limb (LOC1)
    6. Know and be able to describe the course of the major arteries and veins in the upper limb
  • Innervation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
    1. Be able to explain briefly the effect of the most common nerve injuries to the upper limb (LOC1)
    2. Know the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the elbow region (LOC1)
  • Muscles, Tendons and Movements of the Hand
    1. Define the term opposition of the hand. (LOC1)
  • Bones and Joints of the Hand
• Thorax
  • General Anatomy of the Thorax
    1. Identify, on an articulated skeleton, bones forming the thoracic cage, manubrium and body of the sternum, xiphisternum, costal cartilages and ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
    2. Revise the bony thorax, the lungs, and the neuronal control of breathing.
    3. Revise the gross anatomy of the chest wall, the pleura, the lungs and bronchial tree (CR2)
    4. Describe the parts of a typical thoracic vertebra.
    5. Describe the attachments of the diaphragm. Identify the main structures passing through it and note their vertebral levels.
    6. Describe the attachments and neurovascular bundle of a typical intercostal space.
  • Blood Vessels and Circulation of the Thorax
    1. Describe the three layers that typically form the wall of a blood vessel
    2. Distinguish among the types of blood vessels on the basis of their structure and function
    3. Identify the major arteries of the systemic and pulmonary circuits and the areas they serve.
    4. Explain the arterial supply to the thoracic wall and the lungs
    5. Describe the azygos system of venous drainage to the thorax
  • Muscles of the Thoracic Wall and Respiration
    1. Describe the arrangement of an intercostal space
    2. Name the major and accessory muscles involved in inspiration
    3. Trace the flow of air from the nose to the alveoli
  • Pleural Cavity and Lungs
    1. Learn the basic anatomy of the lungs (CR3)
    2. Identify the components of the respiratory mucous membrane. (GEP/CO2)
    3. Describe the surface anatomy of the lungs and relate this to auscultation and percussion (CR2)
    4. You should know the surface markings of the normal lungs. (CR2)
    5. Describe the use of lung function in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases (CR3)
    6. Understand the extent of the pleural cavity and the consequences of pleural injuries (CR2)
    7. Describe the positions of the lobes of the lungs.
    8. Be able to interpret spirometry, lung volumes and gas transfer (CR3)
    9. Describe the structure and innervation of the lungs and bronchi
    10. Be able to differentiate obstructive and restrictive patterns (CR3)
    11. Explain the functional anatomy of the pleura
    12. Learn about peak expiratory flow measurement and its usefulness (CR3)
    13. Describe the structure and function of the pleurae
    14. Describe the roles of peak flow and spirometry in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases (CR3)
    15. Identify the lobes of each lung and describe the pattern of division of bronchi entering the lobes.
    16. Be able to explain to a patient how to perform spirometry and peak flow and, in the case of peak flow, record the results (CR3)
    17. Examine the extent of the pleural cavity differentiating between visceral and parietal pleura.
    18. Be able to interpret acid-base balance results (CR3)
  • The Pectoral Region, Breasts and Mammary Glands
    1. 2. Explain the development of the breast at puberty.
    2. 1. Describe the anatomy and microanatomy of the breast.
    3. Describe the anatomy and micro-anatomy of the breast
    4. Describe the development of the breast at puberty
  • The Mediastinum
    1. Identify the pleural cavities and the mediastinum
    2. Understand the divisions of the mediastinum and the structures that lie in each
    3. Identify the basic features of a mediastinal silhouette in a normal chest X-ray
  • The Heart and Coronary Arteries
    1. Revise the gross anatomy of the heart and the great vessels. (CR2)
    2. Identify the position in the heart of the sino-atrial and atrioventricular nodes. Describe the course of the atrioventricular bundle and its branches.
    3. Describe the mediastinum and its contents
    4. Learn the anatomy of the heart and the structure of the semi-lunar and AV valves (CR3)
    5. Describe the surface anatomy of the heart, pericardium and great vessels.
    6. Relate myocardial infarction to the anatomy of the coronary circulation (CR2)
    7. Understand the arrangement of the pericardium and the layers of the heart wall
    8. Trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood vessels and the chambers
    9. Describe the nervous innervation of the heart, and explain the anatomical basis of cardiac referred pain.
    10. Identify the pericardium
    11. Learn the mechanisms of 3rd and 4th heart sounds and their clinical significance (CR3)
    12. Describe the importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart as an attachment for valves and an electrical insulator.
    13. Note the position of the heart and the great vessels in situ.
    14. Discuss the functional anatomy of the heart valves
    15. On the surface of the heart, identify the four chambers.
    16. Know the surface markings of the heart (including apex and valves) and main vessels. (CR2)
    17. Revise understanding of the cardiac myocyte and the blood supply to the myocardium.
    18. Understand the anatomy and perfusion of the coronary circulation
    19. Describe the structure of heart valves (CR2)
    20. Understand the effects of ischaemia on the myocardium.
    21. Identify the right and left coronary arteries and their major branches.
    22. Examine the coronary sinus and note its main tributaries.
    23. Identify the four valves of the heart; indicate which chambers they lie between and how they differ in their structure.
    24. Identify the nervous supply to the heart
    25. Describe the anatomy and physiology of normal heart valves.
    26. Define the surfaces of the heart and relate myocardial infarctions to the anatomy of the coronary circulation.
• Abdomen
  • Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
    1. List the nine divisions and four quadrants of the abdomen and relate these divisions to the underlying anatomical structures (MET1)
    2. The anatomical basis of the abdominal examination
  • Abdominal / Gut Anatomy - General
    1. Know the surgical anatomy of the abdomen including the peritoneum (MET3A)
    2. Outline the basic components that make up the wall of the alimentary tract. (GEP/DGM)
    3. The anatomical basis of the abdominal examination
    4. Define hernia and list the most common hernias
    5. Define the acronyms MALT and GALT. (GEP/DGM)
    6. Explain the terms intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal
    7. Describe variations in the basic wall plan at particular sites (i.e. junctions, retroperitoneal regions). (GEP/DGM)
    8. Describe the changing nature and function of the mucosae in the alimentary tract. (GEP/DGM)
    9. Explain how the mucosa of the small intestine is adapted to increase its surface area for absorption. (GEP/DGM)
    10. Outline the cellular composition of the epithelia in each part of the alimentary tract. (GEP/DGM)
    11. Know the anatomy of the coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric artery territories (MET3A)
    12. Know the anatomy and blood supply to the stomach and duodenum and their relation to the pancreas (MET3A)
  • The Abdominal Wall
    1. Describe briefly the structure of the abdominal wall
  • The Mesentery
  • Circulation of the Abdomen
    1. Outline the distribution of the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
    2. Compare the blood supply of the jejunum and ileum
    3. Describe the main drainage pattern of the portal system
    4. List the main regions of porto-systemic anastomoses and explain their importance
  • The Stomach
  • Large Bowel (inc.appendix)
    1. Know the anatomy of the appendix.
    2. Know the different positions of the appendix (retrocaecal, post-ileal, pre-ileal, pelvic) (MET3A)
  • Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
  • Hepatobiliary System
    1. Understand the physiology of the anatomy of the liver and gallbladder (MET3A)
    2. Describe the components, course and relations of the biliary tree, and the termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts (MET2)
  • The Spleen
  • Pancreas
    1. Describe the general organisation of endocrine tissues in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2, MET2)
    2. Understand the position and relations of the pancreas (MET2, MET2)
    3. Describe the position and anatomical relationships of the pancreas (MET2)
  • The Adrenal Glands
    1. Describe the general organisation of endocrine tissues in the adrenal glands (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2)
    2. Describe the structure of the adrenal gland and relate the zones to production of hormones
    3. Describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system and relations of kidneys and adrenal glands
    4. Understand the position and relations of the adrenal glands (MET2, MET2)
    5. Describe the blood supply to the adrenal gland and the functional relationship between the adrenal medulla and the nervous system (GEP/DGM)
    6. Compare the position and anatomical relationships of the suprarenal glands (MET2)
  • Peritoneum
    1. Describe the location and function of the visceral and parietal peritoneum
    2. Outline the embryology of the foregut, the midgut and the hindgut and the formation of the peritoneal cavity
    3. Describe the general arrangements of the gastrointestinal tract and associated viscera
    4. Describe the difference between retroperitoneal organs and intraperitoneal organs
    5. Understand the extent and the sub-divisions of the peritoneal cavity
  • The Inguninal Canal
    1. Know the embryological development and the associated surgical anatomy of the inguinal and femoral canals
• Pelvis
  • Surface Anatomy of the Pelvis
    1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. Recognise the main differences between the male and female pelvis
  • Bones, Muscles and Ligaments of the Pelvis
    1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. Identify the individual bones of the pelvis.
    3. Describe the main ligamentous attachments of the bony pelvis.
    4. Describe the pelvic diaphragm.
    5. Identify the individual bones of the pelvis
    6. Describe the main ligamentous attachments of the bony pelvis
    7. Explain the anatomical relations of the uterus and the ovaries. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    8. Indicate the relationship of the foramina and notches to the passage of nerves, blood vessels and muscles
    9. Outline the consequences of injuries to the pelvic floor leading to prolapse of the pelvic viscera
  • Circulation of the Pelvis
    1. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    2. 3. Indicate the relationship of the foramina and notches to the passage of nerves, blood vessels and muscles.
    3. Explain the anatomical relations of the uterus and the ovaries. (GEP/HD, HD2)
  • Pelvic Viscera and Perineum
    1. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    2. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis
    3. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    4. Describe the anatomy of the anal triangle
    5. Describe the urogenital triangle and its pouches
    6. Understand the structure of the pelvic viscera in the male (GEP/HD, HD1)
    7. Describe the contents of the perineal pouches in the male and female
    8. Outline the anatomy of the perineum. (GEP/HD, HD2)
  • Rectum and Anus
    1. Describe the urogenital triangle and its pouches.
    2. Describe the anatomy of the anal triangle.
    3. Describe the pelvic diaphragm.
    4. Describe the contents of the perineal pouches in the male and female.
  • Renal System and Urinary Tract
    1. Describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system and relations of kidneys and adrenal glands
    2. List the components of the urinary system
    3. Outline the structural components of the urinary passageways and bladder and describe how micturition is controlled
    4. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    5. 5. Understand the descent of the ureters through the pelvis and the position of the bladder and the urethra in the male and female.
    6. Outline the general organisation of the urinary system including the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra (CR1, GEP/CO2, GEP/CO2, MET2)
    7. Describe the anatomy of the bladder, prostate and urethra (GEP/DGM)
    8. Describe the position and relations of the kidneys (MET2)
    9. Describe the blood supply to the kidneys and recognise on CT/MRI (MET2)
    10. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    11. Describe the structure of the kidney (MET2)
    12. Describe the structure and microanatomy of the urinary tract, including the bladder.
    13. Understand the descent of the ureters through the pelvis and the position of the bladder and urethra in the male and female (GEP/HD, HD1)
    14. Describe the anatomical relationships of the urinary bladder in both genders (MET2)
    15. Describe the course of the urethra in both genders (MET2)
    16. Demonstrate the anatomy of kidneys, ureters and bladder using radiological imaging: CT MRI and IV pyelograms (MET2)
  • Male Pelvis and Reproductive System
    1. Outline the development of the reproductive system (GEP/HD, HD1)
    2. 3. Describe the micro anatomy of the internal genitalia.
    3. 1. Identify the major structures (internal and external) of the male pelvis.
    4. 2. Describe the functional anatomical relationships between these structures.
    5. 4. Recognize the main differences between the male and female pelvis.
    6. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    7. Describe the micro-anatomy of the internal genitalia
    8. Describe the descent of the testes and the development of the inguinal canal (GEP/HD, HD1)
    9. Identify the major structures (external and internal) of the male pelvis; describe the functional anatomical relationships between these structures
  • Female Pelvis and Reproductive System
    1. Have knowledge of the organs of the pelvis. (GEP/HD, HD1)
    2. Describe the functional anatomical relationships between these structures.
    3. 4. Recognize the main differences between the male and female pelvis.
    4. Identify major structures (external and internal) of the female pelvis.
    5. Pelvic measurements in obstetrics.
    6. Describe the anatomy of the vagina and cervix and their clinical examination
    7. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic floor. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    8. Describe the micro-anatomy of the internal genitalia.
    9. Be able to describe the physiology of pregnancy and the associated physical changes
    10. Outline the development of the reproductive system (GEP/HD, HD1)
    11. Identify the major structures (external and internal) of the female pelvis; describe the functional anatomical relationships between these structures
    12. Describe the micro-anatomy of the internal genitalia
    13. Describe the blood supply to the uterus. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    14. Understand pelvic measurements used in obstetrics
    15. Understand the structure of female reproductive organs (GEP/HD, HD1)
    16. Outline the anatomy of the perineum. (GEP/HD, HD2)
    17. Describe the anatomy relevant to childbirth and Caesarian sections
    18. Relate the nerve supply of the female pelvis and perineum to methods of anaesthesia. (GEP/HD, HD2)
• Lower Limb
  • Surface Anatomy of the Hip, Leg and Foot
    1. Be able to describe the major surface landmarks of the upper and lower limbs (LOC1)
    2. Relate these to the clinical exams and assessment of the limbs in health and disease (LOC1)
    3. Be able to relate these to the clinical examinations and assessments of the lilmbs in health and disease
  • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Hip and Leg
    1. Describe the hip joint and the functional anatomy that provides it with stability (LOC1)
    2. Describe the hip joint and the functional anatomy that provides it with stability (GEP/M&P)
    3. Know the movements possible at the hip joint and the muscles that produce these movements (LOC1)
    4. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the lower limb
  • Bones and Joints of the Hip and Leg
    1. Understand the arrangement of the pelvic girdle in relation to the hip joint (GEP/M&P)
    2. Understand the arrangement of the pelvic girdle in relation to the hip joint (LOC1)
    3. Understand the clinical relevance of the hip joint (LOC1)
  • The Knee Joint and Popliteal Fossa
    1. Describe the extra-capsular and intra-capsular ligaments of the knee joint (LOC1)
    2. Describe the knee joint and the functional anatomy that provides it with stability (LOC1)
    3. Know the movements possible at the knee joint and the muscles that produce these movements (LOC1)
    4. Be able to describe the structures that pass through the popliteal region (LOC1)
    5. Can describe the menisci of the knee and explain how they are affected by movement
    6. Understand the arrangement of the bones and their osteological features that make up the knee joint (LOC1)
    7. Understand the function of the bursa around the knee joint
  • Circulation of the lower limb and foot
    1. Describe the anatomy of the lower limb venous system (CR3)
    2. Be able to describe the course of the major arteries in the lower limb. (LOC1)
    3. Know the arterial supply to the lower limb (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    4. Be able to identify where arterial pulsations may be felt in the lower limb (LOC1)
    5. Know the venous drainage of the lower limb (CR1, GEP/CO2)
    6. Know the mechanisms by which blood returns from the veins of the lower limb to the heart. (LOC1)
  • Innervation of the Lower Limb and Foot
    1. Be able to describe the course of nerves in the lower limb. (LOC1)
    2. Describe the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexi (LOC1)
    3. Know the functional problems arising from damage to nerves in the lower limb and the lumbar and sacral plexi (LOC1)
    4. Describe the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexi (GEP/M&P)
  • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Foot
    1. Understand the functional anatomy of the foot. (LOC1)
  • Bones and Joints of the Foot
    1. Understand the ankle joint proper (talocrual joint) and the sub-talar joints to the movements of the ankle and foot (GEP/M&P)
    2. Understand the ankle joint proper (talocrual joint), and the sub-talar joints to the movements of the ankle and foot.
• Head and Neck
  • Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck
    1. Indicate the course of the common and internal carotid arteries in relation to the surface of the neck
    2. Describe the attachments and actions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and give its nerve supply
    3. Be able to mark the position of the pterion (location of the middle meningeal artery)
    4. Outline the nervous innervation of the pharynx and briefly review how they control swallowing
    5. Describe how the vocal folds produce sound and variation in pitch
    6. Be able to describe the triangles of the neck. (ENT4)
  • Skull, Mandible and Facial Bones
    1. Name and locate the skull bones
    2. Know the main functions of the skull (BB2)
    3. Review the main anatomical features of the skull (BB2)
    4. Describe the difference between the skull of a new born and an adult
    5. Be able to identify skull landmarks and explain their significance (BB2)
    6. Name and locate the foramina of the skull
    7. Be able to describe the development of the skull and the common developmental abnormalities (BB2)
    8. Identify the cranial nerves related to each skull foramina
    9. Be able to list and show examples of different types of skull fractures (BB2)
  • Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
    1. Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system.
    2. Know the basic anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. (ENT4)
    3. Describe the structure, function and interconnections of the nose, paranasal sinuses and pharynx
    4. Be able to identify the paranasal sinuses (BB2)
    5. Identify the important structures within the nasal cavity.
  • Oral Cavity, Tongue and Teeth
  • Base of Skull and Cervical Vertebrae
  • Pharynx and Oesophagus
    1. Explain the nervous innervation to the pharynx and larynx.
    2. Describe the major features of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx and define their boundaries
    3. Outline the nervous innervation of the pharynx and briefly review how they control swallowing
  • Larynx and Trachea
    1. Describe the structure of the larynx, and discuss its roles in normal breathing and in the production of sound.
    2. Explain the nervous innervation to the pharynx and larynx.
    3. Describe the structure and position of the trachea.
    4. Describe the form and major internal features of the larynx
    5. Describe how the vocal folds produce sound and variation in pitch
    6. Understand the cartilaginous and bony skeleton of the larynx.
    7. Outline the sensory and motor innervation of the larynx and explain the effects of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
    8. Identify some of the important membranes and intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
    9. Know the basic anatomy of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx.
  • The Neck - Anterior and Posterior Triangles
    1. Define the boundaries of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck and state their major contents
    2. Indicate the course of the common and internal carotid arteries in relation to the surface of the neck
    3. Describe the attachments and actions of the sternomastoid muscle and give its nerve supply
    4. Describe the peripheral course of the sympathetic nervous system in the neck
  • Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
    1. Understand the position and relations of the thyroid gland (MET2, MET2)
    2. Describe the general organisation of endocrine tissues in the thyroid and parathyroid glands (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2, MET2, MET2)
    3. Describe the position and anatomical relationships of the thyroid gland (MET2)
    4. Describe the blood supply to the thyroid gland (MET2)
  • Anatomy of the Ear
    1. Explain the role of the cornea in vision (GEP/BB)
  • Anatomy of the Eye
    1. Describe the blood supply to the retina and the significance of the choroids.
    2. Anatomy of the Eye
    3. Know the clinically relevant ocular and neuro-anatomy
    4. Describe the anatomy of the retina to include photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells and neuro-glial cells. (GEP/BB)
    5. Know the clinically relevant ocular and neuro-anatomy
    6. Describe the main neuronal cell types in the retinal and their role in transmission of visual information (GEP/BB)
    7. Describe the blood supply to the retina and the significance of the choroidal circulation (GEP/BB)
• Neuroanatomy
  • Anatomy of the Nervous System - General
    1. Locate the major regions of the brain, brain stem and spinal cord
    2. Explain the structural and the functional divisions of the nervous system (FM1)
    3. Can explain the broad structure and function of the central nervous system (FM1)
    4. Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system
    5. Can explain the broad structure and function of the peripheral nervous system (FM1)
    6. Differentiate between somatic and autonomic nerve supply
    7. Relate CNS anatomy to structures viewed in MRI, CT and X-Rays (GEP/BB)
    8. Can explain the broad structure and function of the somatic nervous system (FM1)
    9. Can explain the broad structure and function of the autonomic nervous system (FM1)
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    1. Compare and contrast the SNS and ANS (FM1)
    2. Explain how the anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system differs from that of the sympathetic.
    3. Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system and explain the main differences between it and the somatic nervous system.
    4. Draw labelled diagrams to show the general arrangement of motor and somatic reflexes. (FM1)
    5. Name the divisions of the ANS, and describe the segmental organisation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (FM1)
    6. Draw a series of labelled diagrams to show the arrangement of nerve fibres in the divisions of the ANS at the anatomical and neurochemical and receptor levels, (FM1)
    7. Describe how the adrenal medulla acts as a modified post-ganglionic cell. (FM1)
    8. Briefly describe how the enteric nervous system can control gut function. (FM1)
    9. Identify the main sympathetic and parasympathetic distribution of nerves and the principal differences between the two (CR1, CR1, CR1)
  • The Cranial Cavity and Meninges
    1. Describe the arrangement of the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater in the cranial cavity and outline their functions.
    2. Explain the functions of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli in stabilising the brain during movement
    3. Define the extradural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces and explain possible ways in which haemorrhage can occur within them. (GEP/BB)
  • The Brainstem & Cerebellum
    1. Describe the main gross anatomical features of the cerebellum, including its input and output pathways and its lobular arrangement. (BB2, GEP/BB)
    2. Describe the microanatomical arrangement of the cerebellum including the cortical morphology and connections of the deep nuclei. (BB2, GEP/BB)
    3. Describe the functional subdivisions of the cerebellum and the effect of injury in different regions. (BB2, GEP/BB)
    4. Describe the functional significance of the cerebellar connections to the vestibular system (BB2, GEP/BB)
  • Circulation System of the Brain
    1. Describe the principal arteries of the brain, thalamus and spinal cord (GEP/BB)
    2. Explain the possibilities for collateral circulation through the Circle of Willis (GEP/BB)
    3. Describe the relationship of the blood supply to major functional areas of the brain (GEP/BB)
    4. Describe the venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord (GEP/BB)
    5. Describe the ventricular system of the brain and the formation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (GEP/BB)
    6. Describe the major vascular disorders with regard to the blood supply to the CNS (GEP/BB)
    7. Describe the structure of the arachnoid granulations and explain their function. (GEP/BB)
  • Cranial Nerves
    1. Describe the control of eye movement by cranial nerves III, IV and VI.
    2. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying the following neurological deficits a) Visual fields – homonymous hemianopia, bi-temporal hemianopia; b) Pupils – relative afferent pupillary defect; c) Eye movements – oculomotor, trochlear and abducens palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia; d) Facial expression – forehead sparing, upper motor neuron facial palsy; e) Bulbar palsy – dysphonia, dysphagia, aspiration; f) Patterns of motor loss – monoparesis, hemiparesis, quadraparesis, paraparesis, differences between upper and lower motor neuron weakness; g) Patterns of sensory loss – peripheral neuropathy, hemi-anaesthesia, sensory level, Brown-Séquard Syndrome; h) Cauda equina syndrome. (NEURO4)
    3. List the symptoms associated with damage to cranial nerves
    4. Overview the organisation of the brainstem in its dorso-ventral and medio-lateral axes.
    5. State which cranial nerves are associated with each sub-region of the brainstem and relate this to the organisation of the cranial nerve nuclei
    6. Describe the blood supply to the brainstem
    7. Describe the course and exit foraminae of the cranial nerves from the skull vault, especially cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X and XII
    8. Overview functions of the cranial nerves, noting important reflexes
    9. Explain the consequences of vascular or physical lesions to different areas of the brainstem in terms of clinical signs.
    10. Describe the main peripheral targets in the head innervated by cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X and XII
    11. Explain the consequences of raised pressure in the posterior cranial fossa.
    12. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying defects of facial expression including forehead sparing upper motor neuron facial palsy
    13. Know the anatomy of the facial nerve.
    14. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying a bulbar palsy including dysphonia, dysphagia and aspiration
  • Neural Pathways
    1. Describe the anatomy of the spinal canal and the organisation of the dorsal and ventral roots. Describe the trajectory of the roots, the numbers of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral roots and their relationship to the sympathetic ganglia.
    2. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying patterns of sensory loss including peripheral neuropathy, hemianaesthesia, sensory level and Brown-Séquard syndrome
    3. Draw a cross-section of the cord to show the principal ascending and descending tracts located within the white matter. (GEP/BB)
    4. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying patterns of motor loss including monoparesis, hemiparesis, quadraparesis, paraparesis and the differences between upper and lower motor neuron weakness
  • Central Nervous System
    1. Describe the structure of reticular formation and the location of main nuclei or neuronal aggregates.
    2. Know the main afferents and efferents of reticular formation.
    3. Understand the concept of dermatomes and their clinical significance
    4. Explain the general functions of reticular formation.
    5. Understand the reticular activating system and the role in sleep and wakefulness.
    6. Describe the role reticular formation in the control of autonomic nervous system.
  • Peripheral Nervous System
    1. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution of the main peripheral nerves arising from each plexus.
    2. Describe the general distribution of dermatomes
  • The Limbic System
    1. Be able to describe limbic structures - the hippocampus, the amygdaloid and the septal nuclei
    2. Be able to explain the principal connections between the foregoing limbic structures and the hypothalamus, anterior and dorso-medial thalamic nuclei, prefrontal cortex and midbrain reticular formation.
    3. Be able to describe the effects of lesions in the amygdala and fornix
    4. Discuss the theories of prefrontal cortex function based on clinical evidence
    5. Discuss the theories of temporal lobe function based on clinical evidence
  • Vision
    1. Describe the anatomy of the eye and explain its refractive properties. (GEP/BB)
    2. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying the following neurological deficits a) Visual fields – homonymous hemianopia, bi-temporal hemianopia; b) Pupils – relative afferent pupillary defect; c) Eye movements – oculomotor, trochlear and abducens palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia; d) Facial expression – forehead sparing, upper motor neuron facial palsy; e) Bulbar palsy – dysphonia, dysphagia, aspiration; f) Patterns of motor loss – monoparesis, hemiparesis, quadraparesis, paraparesis, differences between upper and lower motor neuron weakness; g) Patterns of sensory loss – peripheral neuropathy, hemi-anaesthesia, sensory level, Brown-Séquard Syndrome; h) Cauda equina syndrome. (NEURO4)
    3. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying the visual field defects; homonymous hemianopia, bitemporal hemianopia
    4. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying a relative afferent pupillary defect
    5. Describe the functional neuro-anatomy underlying eye movement defects; oculomotor, trochlear and abducens palsies and internuclear ophthalmoplegia (GEP/BB)
  • Hearing
    1. Know the basic anatomy and physiology of hearing. (ENT4)
  • Cerebral Cortex
    1. Name the main sulci and fissures of the cerebral cortex and the main lobes of the cerebral hemispheres (including the limbic lobe)
    2. Define projection fibres, association fibres, commissural fibres and name an example of each
    3. Define the terms primary cortex and association cortex, locate their relative positions on the brain surface and state the functional relationship between them
    4. Explain the significance of the homunculi associated with the pre- and post-central gyrus
    5. Define the concept of columnar organisation of the cortex (eg SI) and its relationship to somatotopic organisation in creating body maps (eg, creation of parallel maps for modality specific stimuli)
  • Pituitary Gland
    1. Understand the cavernous sinus and its contents (MET2)
    2. To understand the position and function of the pituitary
    3. Describe the structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (MET2, MET2, MET2)
    4. Describe the position and anatomical relationships of the pituitary gland (MET2)
    5. Anatomical relations of the pituitary gland and the surgical anatomy of a pituitary mass
    6. Describe the general organisation of endocrine tissues in the pituitary gland (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2)
    7. Describe the blood supply to the pituitary gland and its relevance to anterior pituitary function (GEP/DGM, MET2, MET2)
  • Hypothalamus
    1. Describe the functional organisation of the hypothalamus
    2. Name the principal hypothalamic nuclei
    3. Describe the principal afferent and efferent connections of the hypothalamus
    4. Describe the hypothalamic autonomic and endocrine projections
    5. Describe the hypophyseal portal system
    6. Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
    7. Describe the principal fibre tracts linking the hypothalamus with the brain stem reticular formation

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