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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR: Ophthalmology

Index

• General Outcomes for Ophthalmology
• Occular Trauma
• Acute Red Eye
• Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
• Sudden Visual Loss

• General Outcomes for Ophthalmology
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY (TD 8.1)
    • Anatomy of the Eye
      1. Anatomy of the Eye
      2. Describe the blood supply to the retina and the significance of the choroids.
      3. Know the clinically relevant ocular and neuro-anatomy
      4. Know the clinically relevant ocular and neuro-anatomy
      5. Describe the main neuronal cell types in the retinal and their role in transmission of visual information (GEP/BB)
      6. Describe the blood supply to the retina and the significance of the choroidal circulation (GEP/BB)
    • Anatomy of the Ear
      1. Explain the role of the cornea in vision (GEP/BB)
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY (TD 8.2)
    • Vision
      1. Describe the structure of the eye and the signficance of the cornea, lens, aqueous and vitreous humours
      2. Describe the mechanism for the production of lacrimal secretions and the role of these secretions in vision (GEP/BB)
      3. Describe the visual pathway from optic nerve to visual cortex
      4. Explain how information from one half of the visual field reaches the contralateral visual cortex
      5. Explain the conditions of glaucoma and cataract and their probable causes
      6. Describe the normal pupillary and accommodation reflexes and their clinical significance (GEP/BB)
      7. Explain the conditions of glaucoma and cataract and their probable causes (GEP/BB)
      8. Describe how photons absorbed by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) cause changes in the membrane potential of these cells (GEP/BB)
      9. Describe the mechanism of photo-transduction in the photoreceptors
      10. Explain what is meant by the retinal ‘dark current’ (GEP/BB)
      11. Describe the effect of lesions at various points within the visual pathways
      12. Describe the visual pathway from photoreceptor to optic nerve
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY (TD 8.7)
    • Neonatal Conjunctivitis
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
      2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
    • Squints and Ambylopia
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
      2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
      3. Squints and Ambylopia (OPHTH4)
    • The Eye and Systemic Disease
      1. Understand the involvement of the eye in diabetes and other systemic disorders e.g. hypertension. (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: HISTORY (TD 13 a-b)
    • Examination of the Eye
      1. Examination of the Eye (OPHTH4)
      2. Be able to competently perform an examination of eye movements and extra-ocular muscle function including use of the cover test.
      3. Be able to competently perform an examination of eye movements and extra-ocular muscle function including use of the cover test (OPHTH4)
      4. Be able to perform a visual assessment including that for driving, refractive errors and their correction, management of the visually-handicapped patient in the community.
      5. Be able to perform a visual assessment including that for driving, refractive errors and their correction, management of the visually-handicapped patient in the community (OPHTH4)
      6. Be able to perform an assessment of visual acuity, pupils, colour vision and visual fields.
      7. Know the correct technique used to make an assessment of a patient's eyes - including visual acuity, visual fields, ocular movements and pupillary reflexes
      8. Be able to perform an assessment of visual acuity, pupils, colour vision and visual fields (OPHTH4)
      9. Be competent in the use of direct ophthalmoscope to examine the fundus including: how to recognise signs of diabetic retinopathy, normal and abnormal optic nerves, the macula, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature; examination for red reflex
      10. Be competent in the use of direct ophthalmoscope to examine the fundus including: how to recognise signs of diabetic retinopathy, normal and abnormal optic nerves, the macula, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature; examination for red reflex (OPHTH4)
      11. Competently be able to carry out an examination of the eye using a torch, magnifying aid and where possible, a slit lamp; methods and use of pupil dilation.
      12. Competently be able to carry out an examination of the eye using a torch, magnifying aid and where possible, a slit lamp; methods and use of pupil dilation (OPHTH4)
      13. Be able to perform an examination of the basic visual reflexes
      14. Be able to competently take an ophthalmic history (OPHTH4)
    • Taking a History
      1. Be able to competently take an ophthalmic history.
      2. Taking a History (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: MAKING A DIAGNOSIS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT (TD 14 e-f)
    • General Outcomes for Ophthalmology Diagnosis
      1. Know the symptoms of cataract and be able to diagnose cataract (OPHTH4)
      2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
      3. Understand the involvement of the eye in diabetes and other systemic disorders e.g. hypertension. (OPHTH4)
      4. Know the causes of visual loss due to cataract (OPHTH4)
      5. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
      6. Know the complications that can arise from cataract operations (OPHTH4)
      7. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
      8. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
    • Diagnosis in Children
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
      2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia
      3. Diagnosis in Children (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN (TD 14 g)
    • General Ophthalmic Management
      1. Describe how visual impairment affects individual blind and partially sighted people
      2. Offer practical, hands-on assistance to individual blind and partially sighted patients in a manner recommended by The Royal National Institute for the Blind
      3. Explain what is involved in registering a patient as either blind or partially sighted
      4. Know the management of visual loss due to cataract (OPHTH4)
      5. List at least one way in which health workers can improve services for visually impaired patients
  • Clinical skills: PRESCRIBING DRUGS SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY (TD 17 a-h)
    • Pharmacological Therapy - Ophthalmological Disorders (General)
      1. Know the clinically relevant ocular pharmacology.
  • Professional issues: ETHICS and LAW (TD 20 a-g)
    • Disability Discrimination Act
      1. Explain the purpose of the Disability Discrimination Act
• Occular Trauma
  • General Outcomes for Occular Trauma
    1. Know about ocular trauma
    2. Know the management of ocular trauma eg corneal foreign body
• Acute Red Eye
  • General Outcomes for Acute Red Eye
    1. Know the common disorders affecting the cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids and the watery eye. (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the common retinal disorders including detachment, retinal vascular disorders and the use of lasers. (OPHTH4)
    3. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
    4. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
    5. Know the management of red eyes (OPHTH4)
• Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
  • General Outcomes for Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
    1. Know the common neuro-ophthalmic disorders to include the interpretation of visual field abnormalities.
    2. Know the common neuro-ophthalmic disorders to include the interpretation of visual field abnormalities (OPHTH4)
• Sudden Visual Loss
  • General Outcomes for Sudden Visual Loss
    1. Know about the common ophthalmic emergencies and how they are diagnosed eg Central Retinal Artery Occlusion; Temporal Arteritis (OPHTH4)
    2. Know about the common ophthalmic emergencies and how they are diagnosed eg Central Retinal Artery Occlusion; Temporal Arteritis
    3. Know the causes of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain.
    4. Know the causes of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain (OPHTH4)
    5. Know the causes of visual loss in the ageing eye to include cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration.
    6. Know the causes of visual loss in the ageing eye (OPHTH4)
    7. Know the management of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain.
    8. Know the management of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain (OPHTH4)
    9. Know the management of common ophthalmic emergencies eg temporal arteritis and orbital cellulitis
    10. Know the management of common ophthalmic emergencies eg temporal arteritis and orbital cellulitis (OPHTH4)
    11. Know the management of visual loss in the ageing eye, including glaucoma and macular degeneration (OPHTH4)
    12. Know the management of visual loss in the ageing eye to include cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration.

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