Modules
- Year 1
- Year 2
- Introduction to Year 2 and Year Outcomes
- Cardiorespiratory 2
- Metabolism 2
- Brain and Behaviour 2
- Human Development 2
- Human Sciences and Public Health 2
- Locomotor 2
- Cancer Week
- Moving and Handling Training
- Year 2 Lifesaver Programme
- Clinical Communication Skills
- Medicine in Society 2
- Extended Patient Contact
- Student Selected Component (SSC)
- Year 3
- Introduction to Year 3 and Year Outcomes
- Clinical Science and Professionalism (Weeks 1-3)
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematology (CR3)
- Gastroenterology and Cancer (MET3A)
- Public Health
- Endocrinology and Renal Medicine (MET3B)
- General Practice and Community Care
- Student Selected Component (SSC)
- Clinical and Communication Skills
- Year 4
- Introduction and Year 4 Outcomes
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Child Health
- HIV & Sexual Health
- Musculoskeletal
- Health Care of the Elderly
- Neuroscience
- Dermatology
- General Practice and Community Care
- Psychiatry
- Ear, Nose and Throat
- Global Health and Ethics
- Ophthalmology
- Clinical & Communication Skills
- Student Selected Component (SSC)
- Year 5
- Introduction to Year 5 and Year Outcomes
- Teaching Week 1
- Teaching Week 2
- Anaesthesia & ITU (AN & ITU)
- Breaking Bad News
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Community Care
- Doctors as Teachers and Educators (DATE)
- Emergency Medicine (EMERG MED)
- General (Internal) Medicine (G(I)M)
- Immediate Life Support (ILS)
- Student Assistantship
- Simulation
- Surgery
- Student Selected Component (SSC)
- Year GEP 1
Year 2 HSPH2: Human Sciences and Public Health 2
- Dr Wendy Lowe
- w.lowe@qmul.ac.uk
Teaching Material for this Module
Introduction
This module is intended for Year 2 MBBS and Year 1 GEP students and will provide a basic structure for carrying out evidence based practice with patients with complex needs. Providing evidenced based practice requires consideration of the individual doctor’s clinical expertise, best available external clinical evidence as well as patient’s values and expectations. Given the increase in prevalence of chronic conditions, a significant proportion of patients seen by doctors will have many co-existing diseases as well as difficult social circumstances. Making sense of these complexities within the conditions and structure of the changing health service and terms of work is a challenge. Now, more than ever, doctors are required to understand complex systems, alongside social determinants of health, and how these contribute to the widening health inequity. This module is unique in that it crosses the disciplines of science, psychology and social sciences in order to provide a critical framework for analysis of interventions with patients who have complex needs, within a challenging health service environment.
The overall aim of the module is to place the science of medical practice within a context. This module explores how social factors can form key effect mediators of any intervention. Thereby perhaps unintentionally increasing disadvantage for patients with multiple complex needs. By placing the science of medical practice in context, students will be able to develop a more inclusive practice, develop an understanding of how social circumstances can effect compliance and adherence to medical interventions, which in turn can effect compassion, empathy and choice of intervention when doctors speak with patients. These factors can all enrich the medical encounter for both doctor and patient potentially leading to better health outcomes. Being aware of the different factors that impact on the doctor-patient relationship helps doctors to adjust their style of interaction. This awareness also provides doctors with more options in how to work with patients who are more at risk of having a difficult journey through healthcare. Throughout this module, common assumptions will be explored about these different aspects of care for patients.
KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE
By the end of this module, the student will be able to:
- Define evidence based practice including the three main components of clinical expertise, external clinical evidence, and patient values and expectations.
- Discuss different types of appraisals of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research.
- Discuss medical decision making processes within individual clinical expertise.
- Describe and evaluate models of patient experience in healthcare and their relevance to health professionals.
- Discuss support for self-management of chronic conditions.
- Identify those at risk of having a difficult time with self-management for their chronic condition(s).
Sessions
- Lecture: Introduction to HSPH
- Lecture: The Epidemiological Approach
- Understand how epidemiology and clinical medicine are related
- Explain briefly the two main methods of investigation in epidemiology: the cohort study and the case-control study.
- Describe the complementary roles of nature and nurture.
- Describe how different methods of prevention and treatment can be combined
- Lecture: Interpreting Data
- Understand the properties of the Gaussian distribution.
- Understand the difference between standard deviation and standard error.
- Have practical experience of calculating and interpreting ranges and confidence intervals for data with a Gaussian distribution
- Understand what p-values are and be able to interpret statistical significance
- Be aware of the relationship between P values and confidence intervals.
- Have practical experience of calculating risks, odds, rates and their ratios
- Be able to calculate and interpret risks, odds, rates and their ratios and differences.
- Be able to describe and interpret confidence intervals for relative risks and odds ratios.
- Be aware of the impact of sample size on uncertainty
- Define the terms: Randomised, primary outcome, intention to treat analysis, data & safety monitoring committee, hazard ratio, current controlled trials number, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), refractory Angina
- What is a confidence interval and P value?
- Why is a critical appraisal of a trial performed and why do we ask the questions we do?
- Perform a critical appraisal on this paper and interpret its results.
- Evaluate if this intervention should be adopted
- Lecture: Randomised Control Trials
- Explain the importance of the following features of clinical trials: randomisation, controls, blinding, and placebo.
- Define intention to treat analysis, loss to follow-up and compliance.
- Explain why intention to treat analysis is often used.
- Interpret the results from a clinical trial and assess how applicable they are to a patient you may be treating.
- Explain why meta-analyses are undertaken
- Lecture: Cohort Studies
- Describe the essential structure of cohort studies
- Identify potential biases in cohort studies
- Distinguish between the terms relative risk, absolute excess risk and attributable proportion.
- Explain how confounding occurs.
- Interpret the results from cohort studies including survival analysis
- Explain the Bradford Hill criteria for causality and give examples of each.
- Understand the nature of bias.
- Lecture: Case Control Studies
- Describe the essential structure of case-control studies including nested case-control studies.
- Identify potential biases in case-control studies
- Detail when each of cross-sectional, case-control, cohort and randomised controlled trials are appropriate research studies.
- Interpret results from case-control studies and distinguish between the terms odds ratio, absolute excess risk and attributable proportion.
- Lecture: Life Course Perspective on Public Health
- Discuss basic principles of public health including wider determinants of health, health inequalities & inequities, health risks & disease surveillance.
- Outline the Major challenges for healthcare services for Western societies. Include the prevalence of chronic illness, multi-morbidities, impact on individual (biographical disruption, impairment) & social (healthcare, disability, policy).
- Outline the biopsychosocial model of disease
- Describe the interactions between psychological, developmental, social & physical processes in wellbeing & disease.
- Describe the role of interaction between environment & genes.
- Lecture: Exploring a Life Course Perspective on Adult Health Outcomes
- To understand an approach to long term conditions & chronic ill-health: trauma informed care, theory & cases.
- To understand the significance, prevalence, impact of ACE’s & their contribution to LTC’s & multi-morbidity.
- Psychoneuroimmunology: the interaction of behavioural, psychological, neural, & endocrine factors on functioning of the immune system
- Describe how understanding a patient’s illness experience may impact diagnosis & care
- Lecture: Life Course Perspective - Integration With Practice: Panel Discussion
- Lecture: Self-management and Shared DM with Patients
- Lecture: Complexity Theory in the GP Clinic
- Lecture: Healthcare for Vulnerable People
- Critically appraise healthcare for refugees and asylum seekers
- Define who qualifies as a refugee under the Geneva Refugee Convention
- Explain why the UK accepts asylum seekers.
- List common barriers to healthcare faced by this group in the UK.
- Describe common physical and mental health issues in this patient group
- Lecture: Medical Decision Making
- Lecture: Exploring Population Health Evidence for Ethnic Differences in Health
Teaching Material for this Session
- Critically appraise the research on inequality in health related to race
- Define the historical antecedents, theory, distribution, cause, prevention, management and evidence base.
- Know how to define ethnicity, culture, and racism
- Identify patterns of ill-health in relation to ethnicity.
- Review and discuss key explanations for ethnic health differences.
- Describe the principles of culturally competent health care practice.
- Lecture: Professional Identity and Exposure to Healthcare/Shame and Medicine
- Consider professional identity, health care professional burnout and shame from a psychiatric and cultural perspective
- To understand how the culture of the medical school can impact on development as a doctor.
- Consider the social formation of professional identity- list possible influences.
- To understand the role of the doctor in the context of a multidisciplinary team.
- Consider how different disciplines contribute to professional identity.
- Lecture: The 'Obesity' Epidemic
- Lecture: Ethics in Medicine
- Lecture: Nutrition in Medical Education
- Lecture: Mental Health Inequities
- Lecture: Gender Health Inequalities
Teaching Material for this Session
- Critically appraise the research on health inequalities related to gender
- Be aware of differential patterns of morbidity and mortality related to gender and how this is structured by binary categories.
- Consider different causes for these patterns.
- Describe the changing relationship between social structure and gender including LGBTQ+.
- Lecture: CA Screening - Integrating Perspectives
- Lecture: Individual and Social Aspects of Diabetes - VIDDA model
- Understanding challenges in practice
- Understanding key concepts like classic, relative poverty and social exclusion.
- Describe the relationship between social structure and health.
- Review key explanations for health inequalities.
- Consider how these factors may influence adherence.
- Outline policy and interventions aimed at reducing health inequality.
- Describe the prevalence of domestic violence in the UK.
- Appreciate womens' perspective and experiences of domestic abuse.
- Outline evidence-based healthcare strategies for addressing domestic violence.
- Lecture: HSPH Summary and Revision
- PBL 1: Critical Appraisal (Quantity)
- Define the terms : Randomised , primary outcome, intention to treat analysis, data and safety monitoring committee , hazard ratio, Current Controlled Trials number, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), refractory Angina
- What is a confidence interval and P value?
- Why is a critical appraisal of a trial performed and why do we ask the questions that we do?
- Perform a critical appraisal on this paper and interpret its results.
- Evaluate if this intervention should be adopted.
- PBL 2: Critical Appraisal (Quality): Illness Representations and Self-Management in Patients with Cancer and Anxiety/Depression.
Teaching Material for this Session
- Define key terms: a priori, semi-structured, coherence, theoretical framework, homogeneity, reflexivity
- Perform a critical appraisal on this paper (see table) including the following lay abstract, background and rationale, approaches to the questions and key results, impact of the research and future work, and reflexivity.
- Could the GPs use this qualitative research to inform their practice?
- PBL 3: E-Learning Tool for Self-Management of a Chronic Condition
- Outline epidemiology, risk factors and recommended management of cystic fibrosis with a focus on preventing hospitalization
- Review current models of health beliefs and behaviour and consider how they can be applied in simulating care for yourself in the e-learning tool
- To be aware of the importance of what influences these health beliefs (social factors) and what health beliefs also influence (behaviours) in relation to yourself – compare Health Belief Model with the Common Sense Model of Illness (PBL2).
- To be aware of and explore the role of social determinants such as poverty, violence, immigration can impact on the self-management of chronic conditions
- To understand the role of social support as both a protective and risk factor.
- Evaluate ‘self-management’ as a strategy for managing chronic illness – what are the pros and cons for teaching patients’ self-management
- Describe approaches that GPs and hospital staff could take to get you to manage your chronic condition better and improve your respiratory function
- PBL 4: Nutrition
- Consider individual and social barriers to healthy eating and home cooking – consider the impact of food insecurity, poverty, toxic stress and destabilized systems
- Discuss the impact of food insecurity and nutrition on individual physical and mental health
- Discuss the impact of food insecurity and poor nutrition on society
- Describe the link between inequalities and diet
- Describe 4 different behaviour change theories including social learning and social cognitive theory, theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behviour and transtheoretical or stages of change model.
- Discuss behaviour change theory in the context of Bags of Taste and trauma informed care of food insecurity, poverty, chronic stress and destabilization
- PBL 5: Recreational Drug Use and Testis Cancer Risk
Teaching Material for this Session
- What are case-control and cohort studies, what are their relative advantages and disadvantages and which should have been used in this case? Why can't a clinical trial be used?
- What are odds ratios and how do you interpret their 95% confidence intervals?
- What are confounders and when should crude or adjusted results be used?
- How can you determine whether a result might be causal, what are the Bradford Hill criteria for causation?
- What are the pros and cons for screening medical students for this type of cancer? Would you recommend all medical students get screened for this? Why or why not?