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• LOCOMOTOR
  • Musculoskeletal System
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LOCOMOTOR: Musculoskeletal System

Index

• General Outcomes for the Musculoskeletal System
• Polyarthritis
• Monoarthritis
• Myalgia and Widespread Pain
• Back pain
• Regional pain & soft tissue disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Connective Tissue Diseases and Vasculitis
• Spondyloarthritis
• Metabolic Bone Disease
• Trauma, Fractures and Surgical Management
• Musculoskeletal Infections and Malignancies
• Paediatric joint diseases

• General Outcomes for the Musculoskeletal System
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY
    • The Knee Joint and Popliteal Fossa
      1. Describe the extra-capsular and intra-capsular ligaments of the knee joint (LOC1)
      2. Be able to describe the structures that pass through the popliteal region (LOC1)
      3. Can describe the menisci of the knee and explain how they are affected by movement (GEP/M&P)
      4. Understand the arrangement of the bones and their osteological features that make up the knee joint (LOC1)
      5. Understand the function of the bursa around the knee joint (LOC1)
    • Bones and Joints of the Foot
      1. Understand the ankle joint proper (talocrual joint), and the sub-talar joints to the movements of the ankle and foot. (LOC1)
    • Circulation of the lower limb and foot
      1. Be able to describe the course of the major arteries in the lower limb. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Be able to identify where arterial pulsations may be felt in the lower limb (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      3. Know the mechanisms by which blood returns from the veins of the lower limb to the heart. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Hip and Leg
      1. Describe the hip joint and the functional anatomy that provides it with stability (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the lower limb
      3. Know the movements possible at the hip joint and the muscles that produce these movements (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Surface Anatomy of the Hip, Leg and Foot
      1. Be able to describe the major surface landmarks of the upper and lower limbs (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Be able to relate these to the clinical examinations and assessments of the lilmbs in health and disease
    • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Foot
      1. Understand the functional anatomy of the foot. (LOC1)
    • Innervation of the Lower Limb and Foot
      1. Be able to describe the course of nerves in the lower limb. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Describe the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexi (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      3. Know the functional problems arising from damage to nerves in the lower limb and the lumbar and sacral plexi (LOC1)
    • Bones and Joints of the Hip and Leg
      1. Understand the arrangement of the pelvic girdle in relation to the hip joint (LOC1)
      2. Understand the clinical relevance of the hip joint (LOC1)
    • Muscles, Tendons and Movement of the Upper Limb
      1. Know the functional anatomy of the upper limb (LOC1)
      2. Be able to understand the modifications for movement and the clinicla relevance of these modifications. (LOC1)
      3. Name the joints of the elbow, the movements of the elbow, and the muscles that produce these movements. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Bones and Joints of the Upper Limb
      1. Be able to identify the bones, their arrangements and joints that comprise the pectoral girdle (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Be able to identify the bones and the osteology of the elbow joint (LOC1)
      3. Understand the functional anatomy of the glenohumeral joint and its modifications for alloweing movement. Understand the clinical relevance of these modification (LOC1)
    • Muscles, Tendons and Movements of the Hand
      1. Define the term opposition of the hand. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Innervation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
      1. Be able to explain briefly the effect of the most common nerve injuries to the upper limb (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Know the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the elbow region (LOC1)
    • Surface Anatomy of the Shoulder and Upper Limb
      1. Be able to describe the major surface landmarks of the upper and lower limbs (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Be able to relate these to the clinical examinations and assessments of the lilmbs in health and disease
    • The Brachial Plexus
      1. Be able to explain the formation of the brachial plexus (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Muscles and Tendons and Movements of the Shoulder Joint
      1. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the upper limb
      2. List the movements of the glenohumeral joint and name the muscles that produce these movements. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Circulation of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand
      1. Know the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the elbow region (LOC1)
      2. Be able to identify the positions where arterial pulsations may be felt in the upper limb (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      3. Know and be able to describe the course of the major arteries and veins in the upper limb (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Female Pelvis and Reproductive System
      1. 3. Pelvic measurements in obstetrics. (HD1, HD1)
    • Bones, Muscles and Ligaments of the Pelvis
      1. 4. Describe the pelvic diaphragm. (HD1)
      2. Describe the main ligamentous attachments of the bony pelvis. (HD1)
    • Rectum and Anus
      1. 4. Describe the pelvic diaphragm. (HD1)
    • Bones and Joints
      1. Understand normal bone metabolism and remodeling
      2. Describe the main ligamentous attachments of the bony pelvis. (HD1)
      3. To be aware of the functional clinical anatomy of the back
      4. Can describe the functional anatomy of mammalian synovial joints and the spine (MusSkel4)
    • Spinal Regions, Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs
      1. Know the arrangement of the vertebrae in the vertebral column (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Can identify the vertebrae from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions; understand the joints connecting the adjacent vertebrae (LOC1)
      3. Know the main features of a typical vertebrae and identify the atypical vertebrae (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Muscles, Ligaments and Movements of the Back and Vertebral Column
      1. Understand the movements of the vertebral column and how these change with standing and age. (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY
    • Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle)
      1. Review the normal muscle anatomy and physiology (LOC2)
      2. Understand the structure of skeletal muscle fibre (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      3. Understand the physiology of the skeletal muscle fibre (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • General Musculoskeletal Physiology
      1. Review the normal muscle anatomy and physiology (LOC2)
      2. Understand how the musculoskeletal system allows growth post natally
      3. Explain how injury to the median and ulnar nerves effect the function of the hand (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      4. Understand what happens to bone metabolism with age and disease
      5. Understand the movements that are possible at the various joints of the hand, and the muscles involved (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      6. Understand the two main categories of grip and the main sub-divisions within each (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      7. Understand the functional anatomy and modification of the lower limb for stability and locomotion (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
    • Peripheral Systems
      1. Be able to describe the main types of peripheral sensory receptors
      2. Be able to describe the main types of peripheral sensory receptors
      3. Be able to describe the types of peripheral axons and sensory nerve fibres and their conduction velocities (including ANS fibres)
      4. Competently be able to draw a reflex arc for control of muscle contraction including tendon organ and muscle spindles (BB1, GEP/M&P)
      5. Understand how the force of muscle contraction is controlled by impulse frequency and by the recruitment of motor units (GEP/M&P)
    • Joint Structure and Function
      1. Be able to describe the different types of synovial joints (LOC1)
      2. To describe the normal anatomy of synovial joints including the composition of synovial fluid and how this changes in different disease states (LOC2)
      3. To describe the normal microanatomy of the articular cartilage and how this changes with normal ageing and in disease states (LOC2)
      4. Be able to identify the three main types of joints and how, structurally, they influence the amount of movement possible (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      5. Understand how the articular cartilage and synovial fluid contribute to the function of synovial joints (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      6. Understand the components of a synovial joint (LOC1)
    • Muscle Function and the Neuromuscular Junction
      1. Know the structure and function of skeletal muscle
      2. Understand the anatomy of the neuromuscular junction
      3. Be able to describe the physiology of skeletal muscle
      4. Understand the pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction.
      5. Be able to describe the neuromuscular juntion to include: a) muscle fibre contraction; b) muscle metabolism; c) muscle adaptation
      6. Understand the physiology of the neuromuscular junction
    • Synovial Fluid
      1. To describe the normal anatomy of synovial joints including the composition of synovial fluid and how this changes in different disease states (LOC2)
      2. Understand how glycosaminoglycans contribute to lubricating properties of the synovial joint. (LOC1)
      3. Understand how synovial fluid is produced (LOC1)
    • Walking and Posture
      1. Describe the changes of moving from a double to a single support (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      2. Describe the events in the normal walking cycle (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
      3. Understand the actions of the main muscle groups of the lower llimb in the walking cycle (GEP/M&P, LOC1)
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY
    • General Pathology
      1. To describe the metabolism of uric acid and how it precipitates in the joints to cause gout (LOC2)
    • General
      1. To describe the pathophysiology of calcium salt precipitation in joints (LOC2)
      2. To describe the normal microanatomy of ligaments and how this changes in disease or injured states (LOC2)
      3. Understand common endocrine and metabolic muscle disorders (LOC2)
    • Osteoporosis
      1. Osteoporosis,causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments
  • Medical knowledge: IMMUNOLOGY and INFLAMMATION
    • The Immune Response in Health
      1. To understand the basic immunology processes that affect the joint in disease (LOC2)
      2. To understand the basic inflammatory processes that affect the joint in disease (LOC2)
  • Medical knowledge: CLINICAL FEATURES of DISEASE
    • General Outcomes for Musculoskeletal Diseases
      1. Types of inflammatory joint diseases (LOC2)
  • Medical knowledge: THERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES
    • Pain Relief
      1. Understand when and why NSAID would be used (LOC2)
  • Clinical skills: HISTORY and EXAMINATION
    • Musculosketal History
      1. Can obtain a detailed musculoskeletal history from a patient presenting with either arthralgia, mylagia, back pain or chronic widespread disease (MusSkel4)
    • Musculoskeletal Examination
      1. Can identify, using the GALS (Gait, Arms, Legs Spine) screen, normality and regional abnormality of the musculoskeletal system (LOC2, MusSkel4)
      2. Can perform a detailed examination of the peripheral joints and spine (MusSkel4)
  • Clinical skills: IMAGING
    • Musculosketetal Imaging
      1. Describe the main features of other imaging modalitites for imaging the skeletal system. (LOC1)
      2. Can identify the characteristic radiological abnormailities of the common rheumatic diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, pseudogout, psoriatic arthritis (MusSkel4, MusSkel4)
      3. Be able to describe the role of CT and MRI for imaging the soft tissues (LOC1)
      4. Be aware of other imaging modalities for assessing muscle and soft tissue (LOC1)
      5. Understand additional X-Ray based imaging techniques for specialised imaging of the skeletal system (LOC1)
      6. Can identify the characteristic radiological abnormailities of the common fractures, including: Wrist, Scaphoid, Radial head, Supracondylar, Prox humerus, Clavicle, T/L spine, Prox femur, Femur shaft, Tib plateau, Ankle. (MusSkel4)
      7. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of X-Rays for imaging the skeletal system (LOC1)
  • Clinical skills: PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
    • Analgesic Drugs
      1. Apply BRAINS & AIMS when choosing, giving and monitoring the following medications: Aspirin; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac; Cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective inhibitors (Coxibs) eg Celecoxib; Local Anaesthesi (MusSkel4)
      2. Be able to distinguish between the following terms and conditions: Pain secondary to inflammation; Neuropathic pain; Pain secondary to malignancy; WHO analgesic ladder (MusSkel4)
      3. Know how to select the type, route, dose and frequency of analgesia to maximise efficacy and reduce harm (MusSkel4)
    • Pharmacological Therapy - Musculoskeletal Disorders (General)
      1. xyzabc
• Polyarthritis
  • Polyarthritis - General Outcomes
    1. Can list a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with acute polyarthritis (MusSkel4)
    2. Can list a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with persistant polyarthritis. (MusSkel4)
• Monoarthritis
  • Monoarthritis - General Outcomes
    1. Can list a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with a hot swollen joint. (MusSkel4)
    2. List a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with persistent pain in a single joint.
  • Gout
    1. Can list the causes and clinical features of gout (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the microscopic features of synovial fluid in gout (MusSkel4)
    3. Can be able to differentiate between acute treatment and chronic prophylaxis of gout (MusSkel4)
  • Pseudogout
    1. Can describe the clinical features and treatment of calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy (pseudogout) (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the radiological features of calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy (MusSkel4)
  • Septic arthritis
• Myalgia and Widespread Pain
  • General Outcomes
    1. Can list a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with myalgia (MusSkel4)
    2. Can list a differential diagnosis for a patient with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (MusSkel4)
    3. To appreciate the therapies for muscle disorders (LOC2)
  • Fibromyalgia
    1. Can list the symptoms and signs of fibromyalgia (MusSkel4)
    2. Appreciate the clinical features of fibromyalgia (LOC2)
    3. Can diagnose and treat a patient with chronic widespread pain / fibromyalgia (MusSkel4)
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica
    1. Describe the clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (MusSkel4)
  • Polymyositis
    1. Can describe the clinical and pathological features of polymyositis and dermatomyositis (MusSkel4)
    2. pathologies of inflammatory myopathies (LOC2)
• Back pain
  • Back pain General
    1. To describe and be aware of the common problems associated with the back
    2. Can describe the common causes of back pain (MusSkel4)
    3. Can describe the prevalence of back pain in the community and understand the economic consequences for the individual and society (MusSkel4)
    4. Can describe the difference between referred and radicular symptoms (MusSkel4)
    5. Can identify the vertebrae from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions; understand the joints connecting the adjacent vertebrae (LOC1)
    6. Knows how to diagnose and provide initial treatment for a patient with back pain (MusSkel4)
    7. Can describe the principal non-surgical approaches to treating back pain (MusSkel4)
    8. Understands the concept of red and yellow flags (MusSkel4)
    9. Can describe six red flag features and understand their diagnostic value (MusSkel4)
  • Disc disease
    1. Can describe the pathogenesis of an acute disc prolapse (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the features and predisposing causes of discitis (MusSkel4)
  • Cauda equina syndrome
    1. Can describe the clinical features and complications of the cauda equina syndrome (MusSkel4)
  • Spondylosis, spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis
    1. Knows the clinical and radiological features of spondylosis (MusSkel4)
    2. Knows the clinical and radiological features of spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis (MusSkel4)
• Regional pain & soft tissue disease
  • General Outcomes
    1. Soft tissue injuries and the musculoskeletal system
    2. Can describe the pathological features of an enthesopathy (MusSkel4)
  • Rotator cuff tendinitis
  • Frozen shoulder
    1. Can describe the different clinical findings of frozen shoulder and rotator cuff tendinopathy (MusSkel4)
  • Tendinitis
    1. Can describe the clinical signs of a tendinopathy (MusSkel4)
  • Tennis elbow
    1. Can describe the clinical features of a tennis elbow (MusSkel4)
  • Dupytrens contracture
    1. Understand the disease associations with Dupuytren's contracture (MusSkel4)
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
    1. Can describe the clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the investigation of a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (MusSkel4)
    3. Can describe the conditions that predispose to carpal tunnel syndrome (MusSkel4)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
  • General outcomes
    1. Knows the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (MusSkel4)
    2. Has a basic understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
    3. To understand the pharmacology of the DMARDs for RA (LOC2)
    4. Rheumatoid arthritis, causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments (LOC2)
    5. Understand what is a rheumatoid factor (MusSkel4)
    6. To understand the new biological for RA (LOC2)
    7. Can describe which joints are involved, and the common joint deformities in RA (MusSkel4)
    8. Knows how to diagnose and treat a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (MusSkel4)
    9. Can understand the radiological features of RA (MusSkel4)
    10. Can describe the other extra-articular features of RA (MusSkel4)
    11. Understand the pathological significance of pannus formation in RA (MusSkel4)
    12. Knows about the use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in RA (MusSkel4)
    13. Can describe the potential neurological complications of RA (MusSkel4)
    14. Can list the causes of anaemia in RA (MusSkel4)
• Osteoarthritis
  • Osteoarthritis General
    1. Understand the classification of osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    2. Knows the clinical features of osteoarthritis (LOC2)
    3. To understand the pharmacological treatments for OA
    4. Be aware of the different types of Osteoarthritis and the known causes of these (LOC2)
    5. Osteoarthritis: causes, pathology, symptoms and treatments
    6. Can fully describe the pathology, clinical features and treatment of osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    7. To understand the alternative treatment options for OA
    8. Understand the pattern of joints affected in Osteoarthritis and why (LOC2)
    9. To understand surgical options for OA
    10. Understand the pattern of joint involvement in osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    11. Understand the process of degeneration of the cartilage that leads to Osteoarthritis (LOC2)
    12. Understand the radiological features of osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    13. Understand the secondary causes of osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
    14. Understand the indications for the types of operations for osteoarthritis (MusSkel4)
• Connective Tissue Diseases and Vasculitis
  • Polymyositis
  • General
  • SLE
    1. Describe the autoantibodies commonly associated with the connective tissue disorders (MusSkel4)
    2. Discuss the clinical features, pathology and systemic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (MusSkel4)
    3. Understand how to monitor disease severity in SLE (MusSkel4)
    4. Describe the features of the anti-phospholipid syndrome (MusSkel4)
  • Vasculitis
    1. Can outline a simple classification of vasculitis (MusSkel4)
    2. Can list the clinical features and renal pathology of the major vasculitides (MusSkel4)
    3. Give an account of polyarteritis nodosa as a prototype of the vasculitides with emphasis on clinical features, organ involvement, pathological features and complications (MusSkel4)
    4. Can describe how to diagnose and treat giant cell arteritis (MusSkel4)
  • Sjogrens syndrome
    1. Describe how to diagnose Sjogrens syndrome (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe what diseases are associated with Sjogrens syndrome (MusSkel4)
  • Scleroderma
    1. Briefly describe the clinical features and pathology of systemic sclerosis (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe the differences between diffuse and limited scleroderma (MusSkel4)
    3. Describe the complications of scleroderma (MusSkel4)
• Spondyloarthritis
  • Spondyloarthritis General
    1. Understands the association between genetic (HLA B27) and environmental factors in spondyloarthropathy (MusSkel4)
  • Psoriatic arthritis
    1. Understand the five main patterns of joint disease in psoriatic arthritis and their radiological features (MusSkel4)
  • Reactive arthritis
    1. Can understand the clinical features and treatment of reactive arthritis (MusSkel4)
    2. Understand current concepts regarding the eitiology of reactive arthritis (MusSkel4)
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
    1. Can describe the clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the radiological features of ankylosing spondylitiis (MusSkel4)
• Metabolic Bone Disease
  • Metabolic Bone Disease General
  • Osteoporosis
    1. Can describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment and complications of osteoporosis (MusSkel4)
    2. Understands the pharmacology and use of the following medications for Osteoporosis: Biphosphonates - Alendronate; Vitamin D; Calcium; Hormone Replacement Therapy - Oestrogen; Testosterone; Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators (MusSkel4)
    3. Is able to identify risk factors for Osteoporosis and give appropriate prophylaxis (non-pharmacological and pharmacological) (MusSkel4)
  • Osteoporosis in Older People
    1. The common therapeutic interventions used in osteoporosis including calcium and vitamin D supplementation, Bisphosphonates, SERMs, Strontium, Parathyroid hormone analogues, Calcitonin (HCOE4)
    2. The common presentations of patients with osteoporosis (HCOE4)
    3. The common causes and risk factors leading to oseoporosis (HCOE4)
  • Osteomalacia
    1. Can discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment and complications of osteomalacia (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe the diagnostic laboratory and radiological investigation of osteomalacia
    3. Describe the diagnostic laboratory and radiological investigation of osteomalacia
  • Calcium
  • Paget's Disease
    1. Discuss the aetiological hypotheses, clinical features, pathology and complications of Paget's disease of bone (MusSkel4)
  • Renal Osteodystrophy
    1. Describe the pathogenesis and mainfeatures of renal osteodystrophy and its management
• Trauma, Fractures and Surgical Management
  • General Outcomes
    1. To describe the common traumas seen that affect the muscuoskletal system and their complications and treatments
    2. To understand the different types of joint replacement available and the advantages and disadvantages of each (LOC2)
    3. Understand the types of surgery that can be performed on a joint (MusSkel4)
    4. To be aware of the common orthopaedic procedures and treatment options
    5. Describe which joints can be examined arthroscopically (MusSkel4)
    6. To understand the other orthopedic procedures that are available for joint and bone related problems (LOC2)
    7. Can describe what is an osteotomy (MusSkel4)
    8. Understand the indications for joint fusion (MusSkel4)
    9. List local and general complications post orthopaedic surgery (MusSkel4)
    10. Understand what is a fat embolus and risk factors for occurrence (MusSkel4)
  • Fractures
    1. To describe the different types of fractures
    2. Can describe a classification scheme for fractures (MusSkel4)
    3. Describe the clinical features of a broken bone (MusSkel4)
    4. To describe the main treatment options for dealing with bone fractures
    5. Describe the investigations for a suspected broken bone (MusSkel4)
    6. To describe how bones repair themselves after a fracture
    7. Describe the conservative methods for treatment of fractures (MusSkel4)
    8. Describe the different types of operative management for a broken bone and which fractures should always be treated with operative therapy (MusSkel4)
    9. Can describe the common complications of fractures and how to prevent these complications (MusSkel4)
    10. Understand which conditions predispose to pathological fractures (MusSkel4)
  • Fractures in Older People
    1. Appreciate the common orthopaedic presentations of older people (click to see list) (HCOE4)
    2. Know and understand the peri-operative care of a patient presenting with a common fracture of the upper or lower limb in an older person (HCOE4)
  • Ligament lesions
    1. Describe the classical history for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe the treatment for an anterior cruciate ligament rupture (MusSkel4)
    3. Understand the clinical examination of an acutely injured knee (MusSkel4)
    4. Understand the mechanism of injury of the two collateral ligaments (MusSkel4)
  • Meniscal lesions
    1. Describe the different types of meniscal tears of the knee (MusSkel4)
    2. Understand which knee meniscus is usually damaged and why (MusSkel4)
    3. Understand which meniscal tear can be repaired (MusSkel4)
    4. Describe a meniscal cyst (MusSkel4)
  • Shoulder dislocation
    1. Can describe the pathogenesis and clinical features of recurrent shoulder dislocation (MusSkel4)
  • Ankle sprain
    1. Can describe which ligaments are likely to be injured in an ankle sprain (MusSkel4)
  • Peronal palsy
    1. Describe the gait of a patient with a common peroneal palsy (MusSkel4)
• Musculoskeletal Infections and Malignancies
  • Musculoskeletal Infections and Malignancies General
    1. Antimicrobial therapy (LOC2)
    2. What disorders are associated with musculoskeletal infections? (MusSkel4)
    3. Causative organisms leading to bone and joint sepsis (LOC2)
    4. Microbiological investigations (LOC2)
    5. Risk factors and pathogenesis of bone and joint infections (LOC2)
  • Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
    1. Can outline the aetiology, pathology and sequelae of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (MusSkel4)
    2. Can describe the signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis? (MusSkel4)
    3. What investigations should be performed in a patient suspected of having osteomyelitis or septic arthritis? (MusSkel4)
    4. Describe the differences between the treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (MusSkel4)
    5. Describe the complications of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis (MusSkel4)
    6. Describe the sites of tuberculous infection in the body (MusSkel4)
  • Musculoskeletal malignancy
    1. List the more common benign and malignant bone tumours (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe other malignant conditions that can affect the musculoskeletal system (MusSkel4)
    3. Compare and contrast the common malignant tumours of bone, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma in terms of age, sites of origin, pathology and prognosis (MusSkel4)
    4. How does an osteoid osteoma present and how is it treated? (MusSkel4)
    5. Describe the classical appearance of fibrous dysplasia (MusSkel4)
    6. List the symptoms commonly associated with bone malignancy (MusSkel4)
    7. Describe the different radiological appearances of benign and malignant bone tumours (MusSkel4)
    8. Describe the treatment of malignant bone tumours (MusSkel4)
    9. List the common malignancies which metastasise to bone (MusSkel4)
    10. What investigations are useful to confirm the presence of bone secondary metastases? (MusSkel4)
    11. Describe the treatment of bone secondary metastases (MusSkel4)
  • Other spinal infections
• Paediatric joint diseases
  • Paediatric joint diseases General
    1. Understand the different age presentations of the three childhood hip conditions (MusSkel4)
    2. To be aware of paediatric orthopaedic conditions and common treatment options (LOC2)
  • Dysplasia of the hip
    1. Describe the incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe the investigations for developmental dysplasia of the hip (MusSkel4)
    3. Describe the pathological features of developmental dysplasia of the hip (MusSkel4)
    4. Describe the treatment options for developmental dysplasia of the hip (MusSkel4)
    5. Describe which factors increase the likelihood of a child having developmental dysplasia of the hip (MusSkel4)
  • Perthes disease and slipped upper femoral epiphysis
    1. Describe the usual clinical presentations for Perthes Disease and slipped upper femoral epiphysis (MusSkel4)
    2. Describe the radiological features of Perthes Disease and slipped upper femoral epiphysis (MusSkel4)
    3. Describe the treatment options for Perthes Disease and slipped upper femoral epiphysis (MusSkel4)
  • Talipes
    1. Understand the pathological features of congenital talipes equinovarus and when it presents (MusSkel4)
  • Bone and catilage disorders
    1. Understand the pathogenesis and treatment of Osgood-Schlatter disease (MusSkel4)
    2. Understand the pathogenesis of osteochondritis (MusSkel4)
    3. Understand the pathogenesis of osteogenesis imperfecta (MusSkel4)

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