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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR: Ophthalmology

Index

• General Outcomes for Ophthalmology
• Occular Trauma
• Acute Red Eye
• Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
• Sudden Visual Loss

• General Outcomes for Ophthalmology
  • Medical knowledge: ANATOMY
    • Anatomy of the Eye
      1. Be able to describe the blood supply to the retina and the significance of the choroids. (BB1, GEP/BB, OPHTH4)
      2. Know the clinically relevant ocular and neuro-anatomy (OPHTH4)
  • Medical knowledge: PHYSIOLOGY
    • Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
      1. Describe how cranial nerves III, IV and VI move the eyeball (BB1, GEP/BB)
      2. Describe brainstem reflexes that are associated with eye movement and vision and explain their importance (BB1, GEP/BB)
    • Vision
      1. Describe the visual pathway from optic nerve to visual cortex (BB1)
      2. Describe the structure of the eye and the signficance of the cornea, lens, aqueous and vitreous humours (BB1)
      3. Explain the conditions of glaucoma and cataract and their probable causes (BB1, GEP/BB)
      4. Explain how information from one half of the visual field reaches the contralateral visual cortex (BB1)
      5. Describe the normal pupillary and accommodation reflexes and their clinical significance (BB1, GEP/BB)
      6. Describe the mechanism of photo-transduction in the photoreceptors (BB1)
      7. Describe the visual pathway from photoreceptor to optic nerve (BB1)
      8. Describe the effect of lesions at various points within the visual pathway (BB1, GEP/BB)
  • Medical knowledge: PATHOLOGY
    • The Eye and Systemic Disease
      1. Understand the involvement of the eye in diabetes and other systemic disorders e.g. hypertension. (OPHTH4)
    • Neonatal Conjunctivitis
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
    • Squints and Ambylopia
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: HISTORY and EXAMINATION
    • Examination of the Eye
      1. Be able to competently perform an examination of eye movements and extra-ocular muscle function including use of the cover test. (OPHTH4)
      2. Be able to perform a visual assessment including that for driving, refractive errors and their correction, management of the visually-handicapped patient in the community. (OPHTH4)
      3. Know the correct technique used to make an assessment of a patient's eyes - including visual acuity, visual fields, ocular movements and pupillary reflexes (BB1)
      4. Be able to perform an assessment of visual acuity, pupils, colour vision and visual fields. (OPHTH4)
      5. Be competent in the use of direct ophthalmoscope to examine the fundus including: how to recognise signs of diabetic retinopathy, normal and abnormal optic nerves, the macula, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature; examination for red reflex (OPHTH4)
      6. Competently be able to carry out an examination of the eye using a torch, magnifying aid and where possible, a slit lamp; methods and use of pupil dilation. (OPHTH4)
      7. Be able to perform an examination of the basic visual reflexes
    • Taking a History
      1. Be able to competently take an ophthalmic history. (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: DIAGNOSIS and REASONING
    • General Outcomes for Ophthalmology Diagnosis
      1. Understand the involvement of the eye in diabetes and other systemic disorders e.g. hypertension. (OPHTH4)
      2. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
      3. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
    • Diagnosis in Children
      1. Understand Paediatric ocular problems including the neonatal eye, squint and amblyopia. (OPHTH4)
  • Clinical skills: PATIENT MANAGEMENT
    • General Ophthalmic Management
      1. Describe how visual impairment affects individual blind and partially sighted people (BB1)
      2. Offer practical, hands-on assistance to individual blind and partially sighted patients in a manner recommended by The Royal National Institute for the Blind (BB1)
      3. Explain what is involved in registering a patient as either blind or partially sighted (BB1)
      4. List at least one way in which health workers can improve services for visually impaired patients (BB1)
  • Clinical skills: PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
    • Pharmacological Therapy - Ophthalmological Disorders (General)
      1. Know the clinically relevant ocular pharmacology. (OPHTH4)
  • Professional issues: ETHICS and LAW
    • Disability Discrimination Act
      1. Explain the purpose of the Disability Discrimination Act (BB1)
• Occular Trauma
  • General Outcomes for Occular Trauma
    1. Know about ocular trauma (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the management of ocular trauma eg corneal foreign body (OPHTH4)
• Acute Red Eye
  • General Outcomes for Acute Red Eye
    1. Know the common disorders affecting the cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids and the watery eye. (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the common retinal disorders including detachment, retinal vascular disorders and the use of lasers. (OPHTH4)
    3. Know the diagnosis of red eyes (OPHTH4)
    4. Know the management of red eyes (OPHTH4)
• Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
  • General Outcomes for Neuro-Ophthalmology and Squints
    1. Know the common neuro-ophthalmic disorders to include the interpretation of visual field abnormalities. (OPHTH4)
• Sudden Visual Loss
  • General Outcomes for Sudden Visual Loss
    1. Know about the common ophthalmic emergencies and how they are diagnosed eg Central Retinal Artery Occlusion; Temporal Arteritis (OPHTH4)
    2. Know the causes of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain. (OPHTH4)
    3. Know the causes of visual loss in the ageing eye to include cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration. (OPHTH4)
    4. Know the management of acute and gradual visual loss with and without pain. (OPHTH4)
    5. Know the management of common ophthalmic emergencies eg temporal arteritis and orbital cellulitis (OPHTH4)
    6. Know the management of visual loss in the ageing eye to include cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration. (OPHTH4)

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